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En el instante 25 de junio de 2026, 12:29:52 UTC,
-
Modificado el valor del campo
modified
a2026-06-25
en Effectiveness of wildlife crossing structures and adapted culverts in a highway in Northwest Spain. -
Modificado el valor del campo
modified
del recurso Acceso al recurso a2026-06-25
(anteriormente2026-06-23
) en Effectiveness of wildlife crossing structures and adapted culverts in a highway in Northwest Spain.
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| 81 | "name": "c16c94ac-6b0c-5f15-a80a-84dea71a0455", | 95 | "name": "c16c94ac-6b0c-5f15-a80a-84dea71a0455", | ||
| 82 | "notes": "An intensive monitoring was carried out between June and | 96 | "notes": "An intensive monitoring was carried out between June and | ||
| 83 | September 2002 in different passage types across a highway in NW Spain | 97 | September 2002 in different passage types across a highway in NW Spain | ||
| 84 | in order to determine their use by terrestrial vertebrates. We used | 98 | in order to determine their use by terrestrial vertebrates. We used | ||
| 85 | marble dust-beds to get footprints and a complementary photographic | 99 | marble dust-beds to get footprints and a complementary photographic | ||
| 86 | system to identify species which can not be distinguished by tracks.\n | 100 | system to identify species which can not be distinguished by tracks.\n | ||
| 87 | Footprint data (820 passage-days) were collected from 82 passage | 101 | Footprint data (820 passage-days) were collected from 82 passage | ||
| 88 | structures (33 circular culverts, 10 adapted culverts, 14 wide | 102 | structures (33 circular culverts, 10 adapted culverts, 14 wide | ||
| 89 | underpasses, 7 wildlife underpasses, 16 overpasses and 2 ecoducts). | 103 | underpasses, 7 wildlife underpasses, 16 overpasses and 2 ecoducts). | ||
| 90 | The number of recorded vertebrates was high (1.424 tracks, 78,8% | 104 | The number of recorded vertebrates was high (1.424 tracks, 78,8% | ||
| 91 | wildlife, and 21,2% related to human activity; and 490 photographic | 105 | wildlife, and 21,2% related to human activity; and 490 photographic | ||
| 92 | contacts, 54,3% and 45,7% respectively). Small mammals (mice, voles | 106 | contacts, 54,3% and 45,7% respectively). Small mammals (mice, voles | ||
| 93 | and shrews) was the group using passageways most frequently (414 | 107 | and shrews) was the group using passageways most frequently (414 | ||
| 94 | tracks), followed by lagomorphs (Iberian hare, Lepus granatensis, and | 108 | tracks), followed by lagomorphs (Iberian hare, Lepus granatensis, and | ||
| 95 | rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, N= 158), canids (Canis familiaris and | 109 | rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, N= 158), canids (Canis familiaris and | ||
| 96 | C. lupus, N = 142), fox (Vulpes vulpes, N= 137) and lacertids (Lacerta | 110 | C. lupus, N = 142), fox (Vulpes vulpes, N= 137) and lacertids (Lacerta | ||
| 97 | spp. and Podarcis spp., N= 73). Underpasses and non wildlife- | 111 | spp. and Podarcis spp., N= 73). Underpasses and non wildlife- | ||
| 98 | engineered overpasses were the most used structures. Differences were | 112 | engineered overpasses were the most used structures. Differences were | ||
| 99 | found in the selection of crossing structures by the two lagomorphs, | 113 | found in the selection of crossing structures by the two lagomorphs, | ||
| 100 | hares selecting wildlife underpasses while rabbits did not show a | 114 | hares selecting wildlife underpasses while rabbits did not show a | ||
| 101 | significative preference. Anurans and ophidians (Fam. Colubridae and | 115 | significative preference. Anurans and ophidians (Fam. Colubridae and | ||
| 102 | Viperidae) showed a clear preference for adapted culverts, avoiding | 116 | Viperidae) showed a clear preference for adapted culverts, avoiding | ||
| 103 | overpasses. Lacertids and small mammals crossed most frequently | 117 | overpasses. Lacertids and small mammals crossed most frequently | ||
| 104 | through circular culverts, but generally used all passage types. | 118 | through circular culverts, but generally used all passage types. | ||
| 105 | Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and Badger (Meles meles) always | 119 | Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and Badger (Meles meles) always | ||
| 106 | selected highway underpasses while small mustelids (Mustela nivalis | 120 | selected highway underpasses while small mustelids (Mustela nivalis | ||
| 107 | plus M. erminea) used culverts exclusively. Finally, foxes used all | 121 | plus M. erminea) used culverts exclusively. Finally, foxes used all | ||
| 108 | types of crossing structures, showing a preference for wide | 122 | types of crossing structures, showing a preference for wide | ||
| 109 | underpasses. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were found to use wide passages | 123 | underpasses. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were found to use wide passages | ||
| 110 | under or above the road, and more frequently ecoducts, but roe deer | 124 | under or above the road, and more frequently ecoducts, but roe deer | ||
| 111 | (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were never detected | 125 | (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were never detected | ||
| 112 | in crossing structures though very abundant in the area.\n Four | 126 | in crossing structures though very abundant in the area.\n Four | ||
| 113 | recommendations arise from the study: (1) as a differential use among | 127 | recommendations arise from the study: (1) as a differential use among | ||
| 114 | animal species has been found, it is necessary to keep several | 128 | animal species has been found, it is necessary to keep several | ||
| 115 | crossing structure types, (2) functional structures of the motorway | 129 | crossing structure types, (2) functional structures of the motorway | ||
| 116 | (non wildlife-engineered) play an important role in the permeability | 130 | (non wildlife-engineered) play an important role in the permeability | ||
| 117 | of the road, and their adaptation for wildlife enhances their use by | 131 | of the road, and their adaptation for wildlife enhances their use by | ||
| 118 | some taxa. Thus, the adaptation of structures related to human | 132 | some taxa. Thus, the adaptation of structures related to human | ||
| 119 | activity plays a key role in the achievement of the best solution from | 133 | activity plays a key role in the achievement of the best solution from | ||
| 120 | a benefit-to-cost point of view. (3) The set of passageways necessary | 134 | a benefit-to-cost point of view. (3) The set of passageways necessary | ||
| 121 | to mitigate the barrier effect suffered by a known mammal community | 135 | to mitigate the barrier effect suffered by a known mammal community | ||
| 122 | can be established taking into account the animal sizes and the | 136 | can be established taking into account the animal sizes and the | ||
| 123 | wideness and relative position of crossing structures to the road | 137 | wideness and relative position of crossing structures to the road | ||
| 124 | (over vs. under), however (4) it seems that some species may not cross | 138 | (over vs. under), however (4) it seems that some species may not cross | ||
| 125 | through structures up to 20 m wide and thus some of the passageways | 139 | through structures up to 20 m wide and thus some of the passageways | ||
| 126 | should be wider (in the form of tunnels and/or viaducts).\n Palabras | 140 | should be wider (in the form of tunnels and/or viaducts).\n Palabras | ||
| 127 | clave: Connectivity, Enhancement measure, Fauna casualty, Habitat | 141 | clave: Connectivity, Enhancement measure, Fauna casualty, Habitat | ||
| 128 | fragmentation, Highway, Monitoring, Wildlife passage", | 142 | fragmentation, Highway, Monitoring, Wildlife passage", | ||
| 129 | "notes_translated": { | 143 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 130 | "en": "An intensive monitoring was carried out between June and | 144 | "en": "An intensive monitoring was carried out between June and | ||
| 131 | September 2002 in different passage types across a highway in NW Spain | 145 | September 2002 in different passage types across a highway in NW Spain | ||
| 132 | in order to determine their use by terrestrial vertebrates. We used | 146 | in order to determine their use by terrestrial vertebrates. We used | ||
| 133 | marble dust-beds to get footprints and a complementary photographic | 147 | marble dust-beds to get footprints and a complementary photographic | ||
| 134 | system to identify species which can not be distinguished by | 148 | system to identify species which can not be distinguished by | ||
| 135 | tracks.\nFootprint data (820 passage-days) were collected from 82 | 149 | tracks.\nFootprint data (820 passage-days) were collected from 82 | ||
| 136 | passage structures (33 circular culverts, 10 adapted culverts, 14 wide | 150 | passage structures (33 circular culverts, 10 adapted culverts, 14 wide | ||
| 137 | underpasses, 7 wildlife underpasses, 16 overpasses and 2 ecoducts). | 151 | underpasses, 7 wildlife underpasses, 16 overpasses and 2 ecoducts). | ||
| 138 | The number of recorded vertebrates was high (1.424 tracks, 78,8% | 152 | The number of recorded vertebrates was high (1.424 tracks, 78,8% | ||
| 139 | wildlife, and 21,2% related to human activity; and 490 photographic | 153 | wildlife, and 21,2% related to human activity; and 490 photographic | ||
| 140 | contacts, 54,3% and 45,7% respectively). Small mammals (mice, voles | 154 | contacts, 54,3% and 45,7% respectively). Small mammals (mice, voles | ||
| 141 | and shrews) was the group using passageways most frequently (414 | 155 | and shrews) was the group using passageways most frequently (414 | ||
| 142 | tracks), followed by lagomorphs (Iberian hare, Lepus granatensis, and | 156 | tracks), followed by lagomorphs (Iberian hare, Lepus granatensis, and | ||
| 143 | rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, N= 158), canids (Canis familiaris and | 157 | rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, N= 158), canids (Canis familiaris and | ||
| 144 | C. lupus, N = 142), fox (Vulpes vulpes, N= 137) and lacertids (Lacerta | 158 | C. lupus, N = 142), fox (Vulpes vulpes, N= 137) and lacertids (Lacerta | ||
| 145 | spp. and Podarcis spp., N= 73). Underpasses and non wildlife- | 159 | spp. and Podarcis spp., N= 73). Underpasses and non wildlife- | ||
| 146 | engineered overpasses were the most used structures. Differences were | 160 | engineered overpasses were the most used structures. Differences were | ||
| 147 | found in the selection of crossing structures by the two lagomorphs, | 161 | found in the selection of crossing structures by the two lagomorphs, | ||
| 148 | hares selecting wildlife underpasses while rabbits did not show a | 162 | hares selecting wildlife underpasses while rabbits did not show a | ||
| 149 | significative preference. Anurans and ophidians (Fam. Colubridae and | 163 | significative preference. Anurans and ophidians (Fam. Colubridae and | ||
| 150 | Viperidae) showed a clear preference for adapted culverts, avoiding | 164 | Viperidae) showed a clear preference for adapted culverts, avoiding | ||
| 151 | overpasses. Lacertids and small mammals crossed most frequently | 165 | overpasses. Lacertids and small mammals crossed most frequently | ||
| 152 | through circular culverts, but generally used all passage types. | 166 | through circular culverts, but generally used all passage types. | ||
| 153 | Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and Badger (Meles meles) always | 167 | Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and Badger (Meles meles) always | ||
| 154 | selected highway underpasses while small mustelids (Mustela nivalis | 168 | selected highway underpasses while small mustelids (Mustela nivalis | ||
| 155 | plus M. erminea) used culverts exclusively. Finally, foxes used all | 169 | plus M. erminea) used culverts exclusively. Finally, foxes used all | ||
| 156 | types of crossing structures, showing a preference for wide | 170 | types of crossing structures, showing a preference for wide | ||
| 157 | underpasses. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were found to use wide passages | 171 | underpasses. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were found to use wide passages | ||
| 158 | under or above the road, and more frequently ecoducts, but roe deer | 172 | under or above the road, and more frequently ecoducts, but roe deer | ||
| 159 | (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were never detected | 173 | (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were never detected | ||
| 160 | in crossing structures though very abundant in the area.\nFour | 174 | in crossing structures though very abundant in the area.\nFour | ||
| 161 | recommendations arise from the study: (1) as a differential use among | 175 | recommendations arise from the study: (1) as a differential use among | ||
| 162 | animal species has been found, it is necessary to keep several | 176 | animal species has been found, it is necessary to keep several | ||
| 163 | crossing structure types, (2) functional structures of the motorway | 177 | crossing structure types, (2) functional structures of the motorway | ||
| 164 | (non wildlife-engineered) play an important role in the permeability | 178 | (non wildlife-engineered) play an important role in the permeability | ||
| 165 | of the road, and their adaptation for wildlife enhances their use by | 179 | of the road, and their adaptation for wildlife enhances their use by | ||
| 166 | some taxa. Thus, the adaptation of structures related to human | 180 | some taxa. Thus, the adaptation of structures related to human | ||
| 167 | activity plays a key role in the achievement of the best solution from | 181 | activity plays a key role in the achievement of the best solution from | ||
| 168 | a benefit-to-cost point of view. (3) The set of passageways necessary | 182 | a benefit-to-cost point of view. (3) The set of passageways necessary | ||
| 169 | to mitigate the barrier effect suffered by a known mammal community | 183 | to mitigate the barrier effect suffered by a known mammal community | ||
| 170 | can be established taking into account the animal sizes and the | 184 | can be established taking into account the animal sizes and the | ||
| 171 | wideness and relative position of crossing structures to the road | 185 | wideness and relative position of crossing structures to the road | ||
| 172 | (over vs. under), however (4) it seems that some species may not cross | 186 | (over vs. under), however (4) it seems that some species may not cross | ||
| 173 | through structures up to 20 m wide and thus some of the passageways | 187 | through structures up to 20 m wide and thus some of the passageways | ||
| 174 | should be wider (in the form of tunnels and/or viaducts).", | 188 | should be wider (in the form of tunnels and/or viaducts).", | ||
| 175 | "es": "An intensive monitoring was carried out between June and | 189 | "es": "An intensive monitoring was carried out between June and | ||
| 176 | September 2002 in different passage types across a highway in NW Spain | 190 | September 2002 in different passage types across a highway in NW Spain | ||
| 177 | in order to determine their use by terrestrial vertebrates. We used | 191 | in order to determine their use by terrestrial vertebrates. We used | ||
| 178 | marble dust-beds to get footprints and a complementary photographic | 192 | marble dust-beds to get footprints and a complementary photographic | ||
| 179 | system to identify species which can not be distinguished by tracks.\n | 193 | system to identify species which can not be distinguished by tracks.\n | ||
| 180 | Footprint data (820 passage-days) were collected from 82 passage | 194 | Footprint data (820 passage-days) were collected from 82 passage | ||
| 181 | structures (33 circular culverts, 10 adapted culverts, 14 wide | 195 | structures (33 circular culverts, 10 adapted culverts, 14 wide | ||
| 182 | underpasses, 7 wildlife underpasses, 16 overpasses and 2 ecoducts). | 196 | underpasses, 7 wildlife underpasses, 16 overpasses and 2 ecoducts). | ||
| 183 | The number of recorded vertebrates was high (1.424 tracks, 78,8% | 197 | The number of recorded vertebrates was high (1.424 tracks, 78,8% | ||
| 184 | wildlife, and 21,2% related to human activity; and 490 photographic | 198 | wildlife, and 21,2% related to human activity; and 490 photographic | ||
| 185 | contacts, 54,3% and 45,7% respectively). Small mammals (mice, voles | 199 | contacts, 54,3% and 45,7% respectively). Small mammals (mice, voles | ||
| 186 | and shrews) was the group using passageways most frequently (414 | 200 | and shrews) was the group using passageways most frequently (414 | ||
| 187 | tracks), followed by lagomorphs (Iberian hare, Lepus granatensis, and | 201 | tracks), followed by lagomorphs (Iberian hare, Lepus granatensis, and | ||
| 188 | rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, N= 158), canids (Canis familiaris and | 202 | rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, N= 158), canids (Canis familiaris and | ||
| 189 | C. lupus, N = 142), fox (Vulpes vulpes, N= 137) and lacertids (Lacerta | 203 | C. lupus, N = 142), fox (Vulpes vulpes, N= 137) and lacertids (Lacerta | ||
| 190 | spp. and Podarcis spp., N= 73). Underpasses and non wildlife- | 204 | spp. and Podarcis spp., N= 73). Underpasses and non wildlife- | ||
| 191 | engineered overpasses were the most used structures. Differences were | 205 | engineered overpasses were the most used structures. Differences were | ||
| 192 | found in the selection of crossing structures by the two lagomorphs, | 206 | found in the selection of crossing structures by the two lagomorphs, | ||
| 193 | hares selecting wildlife underpasses while rabbits did not show a | 207 | hares selecting wildlife underpasses while rabbits did not show a | ||
| 194 | significative preference. Anurans and ophidians (Fam. Colubridae and | 208 | significative preference. Anurans and ophidians (Fam. Colubridae and | ||
| 195 | Viperidae) showed a clear preference for adapted culverts, avoiding | 209 | Viperidae) showed a clear preference for adapted culverts, avoiding | ||
| 196 | overpasses. Lacertids and small mammals crossed most frequently | 210 | overpasses. Lacertids and small mammals crossed most frequently | ||
| 197 | through circular culverts, but generally used all passage types. | 211 | through circular culverts, but generally used all passage types. | ||
| 198 | Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and Badger (Meles meles) always | 212 | Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and Badger (Meles meles) always | ||
| 199 | selected highway underpasses while small mustelids (Mustela nivalis | 213 | selected highway underpasses while small mustelids (Mustela nivalis | ||
| 200 | plus M. erminea) used culverts exclusively. Finally, foxes used all | 214 | plus M. erminea) used culverts exclusively. Finally, foxes used all | ||
| 201 | types of crossing structures, showing a preference for wide | 215 | types of crossing structures, showing a preference for wide | ||
| 202 | underpasses. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were found to use wide passages | 216 | underpasses. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were found to use wide passages | ||
| 203 | under or above the road, and more frequently ecoducts, but roe deer | 217 | under or above the road, and more frequently ecoducts, but roe deer | ||
| 204 | (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were never detected | 218 | (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were never detected | ||
| 205 | in crossing structures though very abundant in the area.\n Four | 219 | in crossing structures though very abundant in the area.\n Four | ||
| 206 | recommendations arise from the study: (1) as a differential use among | 220 | recommendations arise from the study: (1) as a differential use among | ||
| 207 | animal species has been found, it is necessary to keep several | 221 | animal species has been found, it is necessary to keep several | ||
| 208 | crossing structure types, (2) functional structures of the motorway | 222 | crossing structure types, (2) functional structures of the motorway | ||
| 209 | (non wildlife-engineered) play an important role in the permeability | 223 | (non wildlife-engineered) play an important role in the permeability | ||
| 210 | of the road, and their adaptation for wildlife enhances their use by | 224 | of the road, and their adaptation for wildlife enhances their use by | ||
| 211 | some taxa. Thus, the adaptation of structures related to human | 225 | some taxa. Thus, the adaptation of structures related to human | ||
| 212 | activity plays a key role in the achievement of the best solution from | 226 | activity plays a key role in the achievement of the best solution from | ||
| 213 | a benefit-to-cost point of view. (3) The set of passageways necessary | 227 | a benefit-to-cost point of view. (3) The set of passageways necessary | ||
| 214 | to mitigate the barrier effect suffered by a known mammal community | 228 | to mitigate the barrier effect suffered by a known mammal community | ||
| 215 | can be established taking into account the animal sizes and the | 229 | can be established taking into account the animal sizes and the | ||
| 216 | wideness and relative position of crossing structures to the road | 230 | wideness and relative position of crossing structures to the road | ||
| 217 | (over vs. under), however (4) it seems that some species may not cross | 231 | (over vs. under), however (4) it seems that some species may not cross | ||
| 218 | through structures up to 20 m wide and thus some of the passageways | 232 | through structures up to 20 m wide and thus some of the passageways | ||
| 219 | should be wider (in the form of tunnels and/or viaducts).\n Palabras | 233 | should be wider (in the form of tunnels and/or viaducts).\n Palabras | ||
| 220 | clave: Connectivity, Enhancement measure, Fauna casualty, Habitat | 234 | clave: Connectivity, Enhancement measure, Fauna casualty, Habitat | ||
| 221 | fragmentation, Highway, Monitoring, Wildlife passage" | 235 | fragmentation, Highway, Monitoring, Wildlife passage" | ||
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