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en Is field technician’s work under threat? Video-recoding vs. traditional observation for monitoring flight behaviour of birds across a high-speed railway.
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| 81 | "name": "704157bc-9e4e-514f-92c0-2ba51ddaad89", | 81 | "name": "704157bc-9e4e-514f-92c0-2ba51ddaad89", | ||
| 82 | "notes": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | 82 | "notes": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | ||
| 83 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | 83 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | ||
| 84 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | 84 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | ||
| 85 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | 85 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | ||
| 86 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | 86 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | ||
| 87 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | 87 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | ||
| 88 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | 88 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | ||
| 89 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | 89 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | ||
| 90 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | 90 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | ||
| 91 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | 91 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | ||
| 92 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | 92 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | ||
| 93 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | 93 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | ||
| 94 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | 94 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | ||
| 95 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | 95 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | ||
| 96 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | 96 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | ||
| 97 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | 97 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | ||
| 98 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | 98 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | ||
| 99 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | 99 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | ||
| 100 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | 100 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | ||
| 101 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | 101 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | ||
| 102 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | 102 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | ||
| 103 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | 103 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | ||
| 104 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | 104 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | ||
| 105 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | 105 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | ||
| 106 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | 106 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | ||
| 107 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | 107 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | ||
| 108 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | 108 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | ||
| 109 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | 109 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | ||
| 110 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | 110 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | ||
| 111 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | 111 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | ||
| 112 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | 112 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | ||
| 113 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | 113 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | ||
| 114 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | 114 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | ||
| 115 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | 115 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | ||
| 116 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | 116 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | ||
| 117 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | 117 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | ||
| 118 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | 118 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | ||
| 119 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | 119 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | ||
| 120 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | 120 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | ||
| 121 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | 121 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | ||
| 122 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | 122 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | ||
| 123 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | 123 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | ||
| 124 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | 124 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | ||
| 125 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | 125 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | ||
| 126 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | 126 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | ||
| 127 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | 127 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | ||
| 128 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | 128 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | ||
| 129 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | 129 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | ||
| 130 | in order to obtain reliable field data.", | 130 | in order to obtain reliable field data.", | ||
| 131 | "notes_translated": { | 131 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 132 | "en": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | 132 | "en": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | ||
| 133 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | 133 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | ||
| 134 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | 134 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | ||
| 135 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | 135 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | ||
| 136 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | 136 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | ||
| 137 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | 137 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | ||
| 138 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | 138 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | ||
| 139 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | 139 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | ||
| 140 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | 140 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | ||
| 141 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | 141 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | ||
| 142 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | 142 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | ||
| 143 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | 143 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | ||
| 144 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | 144 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | ||
| 145 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | 145 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | ||
| 146 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | 146 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | ||
| 147 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | 147 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | ||
| 148 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | 148 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | ||
| 149 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | 149 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | ||
| 150 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | 150 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | ||
| 151 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | 151 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | ||
| 152 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | 152 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | ||
| 153 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | 153 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | ||
| 154 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | 154 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | ||
| 155 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | 155 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | ||
| 156 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | 156 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | ||
| 157 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | 157 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | ||
| 158 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | 158 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | ||
| 159 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | 159 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | ||
| 160 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | 160 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | ||
| 161 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | 161 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | ||
| 162 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | 162 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | ||
| 163 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | 163 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | ||
| 164 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | 164 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | ||
| 165 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | 165 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | ||
| 166 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | 166 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | ||
| 167 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | 167 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | ||
| 168 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | 168 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | ||
| 169 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | 169 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | ||
| 170 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | 170 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | ||
| 171 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | 171 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | ||
| 172 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | 172 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | ||
| 173 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | 173 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | ||
| 174 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | 174 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | ||
| 175 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | 175 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | ||
| 176 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | 176 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | ||
| 177 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | 177 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | ||
| 178 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | 178 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | ||
| 179 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | 179 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | ||
| 180 | in order to obtain reliable field data.", | 180 | in order to obtain reliable field data.", | ||
| 181 | "es": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | 181 | "es": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | ||
| 182 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | 182 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | ||
| 183 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | 183 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | ||
| 184 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | 184 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | ||
| 185 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | 185 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | ||
| 186 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | 186 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | ||
| 187 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | 187 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | ||
| 188 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | 188 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | ||
| 189 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | 189 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | ||
| 190 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | 190 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | ||
| 191 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | 191 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | ||
| 192 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | 192 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | ||
| 193 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | 193 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | ||
| 194 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | 194 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | ||
| 195 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | 195 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | ||
| 196 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | 196 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | ||
| 197 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | 197 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | ||
| 198 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | 198 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | ||
| 199 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | 199 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | ||
| 200 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | 200 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | ||
| 201 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | 201 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | ||
| 202 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | 202 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | ||
| 203 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | 203 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | ||
| 204 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | 204 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | ||
| 205 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | 205 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | ||
| 206 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | 206 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | ||
| 207 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | 207 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | ||
| 208 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | 208 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | ||
| 209 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | 209 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | ||
| 210 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | 210 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | ||
| 211 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | 211 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | ||
| 212 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | 212 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | ||
| 213 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | 213 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | ||
| 214 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | 214 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | ||
| 215 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | 215 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | ||
| 216 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | 216 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | ||
| 217 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | 217 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | ||
| 218 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | 218 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | ||
| 219 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | 219 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | ||
| 220 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | 220 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | ||
| 221 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | 221 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | ||
| 222 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | 222 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | ||
| 223 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | 223 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | ||
| 224 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | 224 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | ||
| 225 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | 225 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | ||
| 226 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | 226 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | ||
| 227 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | 227 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | ||
| 228 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | 228 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | ||
| 229 | in order to obtain reliable field data." | 229 | in order to obtain reliable field data." | ||
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