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En el instante 23 de junio de 2026, 16:13:44 UTC,
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Modificado el valor del campo
spatial_coverage
a[{'bbox': '{"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-18.16, 27.64], [4.32, 27.64], [4.32, 43.79], [-18.16, 43.79], [-18.16, 27.64]]]}', 'centroid': '{"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-6.92, 35.715]}', 'text': 'España', 'uri': 'http://datos.gob.es/recurso/sector-publico/territorio/Pais/España'}]
en Railways as barriers for wildlife: current knowledge.
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| 78 | "notes": "In this chapter we provide practical suggestions, together | 78 | "notes": "In this chapter we provide practical suggestions, together | ||
| 79 | with examples, to identify, monitor and mitigate railway barrier | 79 | with examples, to identify, monitor and mitigate railway barrier | ||
| 80 | effects on wildlife, as this is considered one of the railways\u2019 | 80 | effects on wildlife, as this is considered one of the railways\u2019 | ||
| 81 | greatest impacts. Railways can be both physical and behavioral | 81 | greatest impacts. Railways can be both physical and behavioral | ||
| 82 | barriers to wildlife movement, as well as disturbance to populations | 82 | barriers to wildlife movement, as well as disturbance to populations | ||
| 83 | living close to them. Also, mortality is recognized as an important | 83 | living close to them. Also, mortality is recognized as an important | ||
| 84 | contribution to the barrier effect. However, the consequences of | 84 | contribution to the barrier effect. However, the consequences of | ||
| 85 | habitat loss, and fragmentation due to railways alone remain largely | 85 | habitat loss, and fragmentation due to railways alone remain largely | ||
| 86 | unexplored. Barrier effects have mainly been mitigated with wildlife | 86 | unexplored. Barrier effects have mainly been mitigated with wildlife | ||
| 87 | passes, with the effectiveness of this tool being one of the | 87 | passes, with the effectiveness of this tool being one of the | ||
| 88 | most-studied topics in Railway Ecology. Methods formerly employed to | 88 | most-studied topics in Railway Ecology. Methods formerly employed to | ||
| 89 | monitor pass usage, such as track beds or video-surveillance, are now | 89 | monitor pass usage, such as track beds or video-surveillance, are now | ||
| 90 | being replaced by molecular ones. Among the latter methods, genetic | 90 | being replaced by molecular ones. Among the latter methods, genetic | ||
| 91 | fingerprinting allows individual-based approaches, opening the door to | 91 | fingerprinting allows individual-based approaches, opening the door to | ||
| 92 | population-scale studies. In fact, genetic sampling allows for the | 92 | population-scale studies. In fact, genetic sampling allows for the | ||
| 93 | assessment of functional connectivity, which is closely linked to | 93 | assessment of functional connectivity, which is closely linked to | ||
| 94 | successful reproduction and population viability, variables not | 94 | successful reproduction and population viability, variables not | ||
| 95 | necessarily coupled with crossing rates. There is strong evidence that | 95 | necessarily coupled with crossing rates. There is strong evidence that | ||
| 96 | railway verges offer new habitats for generalist species and for | 96 | railway verges offer new habitats for generalist species and for | ||
| 97 | opportunistic individuals, a point that deserves to be experimentally | 97 | opportunistic individuals, a point that deserves to be experimentally | ||
| 98 | explored in order to find wildlife-friendly policies. Preventing | 98 | explored in order to find wildlife-friendly policies. Preventing | ||
| 99 | animals from crossing (eg, by fencing), should be reserved for | 99 | animals from crossing (eg, by fencing), should be reserved for | ||
| 100 | collision hotspots, as it increases barrier effects. Instead, it has | 100 | collision hotspots, as it increases barrier effects. Instead, it has | ||
| 101 | been shown that warning signals or pole barriers effectively reduce | 101 | been shown that warning signals or pole barriers effectively reduce | ||
| 102 | collisions without increasing barrier effects. \n Palabras clave: | 102 | collisions without increasing barrier effects. \n Palabras clave: | ||
| 103 | Barrier, Railway", | 103 | Barrier, Railway", | ||
| 104 | "notes_translated": { | 104 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 105 | "en": "In this chapter we provide practical suggestions, together | 105 | "en": "In this chapter we provide practical suggestions, together | ||
| 106 | with examples, to identify, monitor and mitigate railway barrier | 106 | with examples, to identify, monitor and mitigate railway barrier | ||
| 107 | effects on wildlife, as this is considered one of the railways\u2019 | 107 | effects on wildlife, as this is considered one of the railways\u2019 | ||
| 108 | greatest impacts. Railways can be both physical and behavioral | 108 | greatest impacts. Railways can be both physical and behavioral | ||
| 109 | barriers to wildlife movement, as well as disturbance to populations | 109 | barriers to wildlife movement, as well as disturbance to populations | ||
| 110 | living close to them. Also, mortality is recognized as an important | 110 | living close to them. Also, mortality is recognized as an important | ||
| 111 | contribution to the barrier effect. However, the consequences of | 111 | contribution to the barrier effect. However, the consequences of | ||
| 112 | habitat loss, and fragmentation due to railways alone remain largely | 112 | habitat loss, and fragmentation due to railways alone remain largely | ||
| 113 | unexplored. Barrier effects have mainly been mitigated with wildlife | 113 | unexplored. Barrier effects have mainly been mitigated with wildlife | ||
| 114 | passes, with the effectiveness of this tool being one of the | 114 | passes, with the effectiveness of this tool being one of the | ||
| 115 | most-studied topics in Railway Ecology. Methods formerly employed to | 115 | most-studied topics in Railway Ecology. Methods formerly employed to | ||
| 116 | monitor pass usage, such as track beds or video-surveillance, are now | 116 | monitor pass usage, such as track beds or video-surveillance, are now | ||
| 117 | being replaced by molecular ones. Among the latter methods, genetic | 117 | being replaced by molecular ones. Among the latter methods, genetic | ||
| 118 | fingerprinting allows individual-based approaches, opening the door to | 118 | fingerprinting allows individual-based approaches, opening the door to | ||
| 119 | population-scale studies. In fact, genetic sampling allows for the | 119 | population-scale studies. In fact, genetic sampling allows for the | ||
| 120 | assessment of functional connectivity, which is closely linked to | 120 | assessment of functional connectivity, which is closely linked to | ||
| 121 | successful reproduction and population viability, variables not | 121 | successful reproduction and population viability, variables not | ||
| 122 | necessarily coupled with crossing rates. There is strong evidence that | 122 | necessarily coupled with crossing rates. There is strong evidence that | ||
| 123 | railway verges offer new habitats for generalist species and for | 123 | railway verges offer new habitats for generalist species and for | ||
| 124 | opportunistic individuals, a point that deserves to be experimentally | 124 | opportunistic individuals, a point that deserves to be experimentally | ||
| 125 | explored in order to find wildlife-friendly policies. Preventing | 125 | explored in order to find wildlife-friendly policies. Preventing | ||
| 126 | animals from crossing (eg, by fencing), should be reserved for | 126 | animals from crossing (eg, by fencing), should be reserved for | ||
| 127 | collision hotspots, as it increases barrier effects. Instead, it has | 127 | collision hotspots, as it increases barrier effects. Instead, it has | ||
| 128 | been shown that warning signals or pole barriers effectively reduce | 128 | been shown that warning signals or pole barriers effectively reduce | ||
| 129 | collisions without increasing barrier effects.", | 129 | collisions without increasing barrier effects.", | ||
| 130 | "es": "In this chapter we provide practical suggestions, together | 130 | "es": "In this chapter we provide practical suggestions, together | ||
| 131 | with examples, to identify, monitor and mitigate railway barrier | 131 | with examples, to identify, monitor and mitigate railway barrier | ||
| 132 | effects on wildlife, as this is considered one of the railways\u2019 | 132 | effects on wildlife, as this is considered one of the railways\u2019 | ||
| 133 | greatest impacts. Railways can be both physical and behavioral | 133 | greatest impacts. Railways can be both physical and behavioral | ||
| 134 | barriers to wildlife movement, as well as disturbance to populations | 134 | barriers to wildlife movement, as well as disturbance to populations | ||
| 135 | living close to them. Also, mortality is recognized as an important | 135 | living close to them. Also, mortality is recognized as an important | ||
| 136 | contribution to the barrier effect. However, the consequences of | 136 | contribution to the barrier effect. However, the consequences of | ||
| 137 | habitat loss, and fragmentation due to railways alone remain largely | 137 | habitat loss, and fragmentation due to railways alone remain largely | ||
| 138 | unexplored. Barrier effects have mainly been mitigated with wildlife | 138 | unexplored. Barrier effects have mainly been mitigated with wildlife | ||
| 139 | passes, with the effectiveness of this tool being one of the | 139 | passes, with the effectiveness of this tool being one of the | ||
| 140 | most-studied topics in Railway Ecology. Methods formerly employed to | 140 | most-studied topics in Railway Ecology. Methods formerly employed to | ||
| 141 | monitor pass usage, such as track beds or video-surveillance, are now | 141 | monitor pass usage, such as track beds or video-surveillance, are now | ||
| 142 | being replaced by molecular ones. Among the latter methods, genetic | 142 | being replaced by molecular ones. Among the latter methods, genetic | ||
| 143 | fingerprinting allows individual-based approaches, opening the door to | 143 | fingerprinting allows individual-based approaches, opening the door to | ||
| 144 | population-scale studies. In fact, genetic sampling allows for the | 144 | population-scale studies. In fact, genetic sampling allows for the | ||
| 145 | assessment of functional connectivity, which is closely linked to | 145 | assessment of functional connectivity, which is closely linked to | ||
| 146 | successful reproduction and population viability, variables not | 146 | successful reproduction and population viability, variables not | ||
| 147 | necessarily coupled with crossing rates. There is strong evidence that | 147 | necessarily coupled with crossing rates. There is strong evidence that | ||
| 148 | railway verges offer new habitats for generalist species and for | 148 | railway verges offer new habitats for generalist species and for | ||
| 149 | opportunistic individuals, a point that deserves to be experimentally | 149 | opportunistic individuals, a point that deserves to be experimentally | ||
| 150 | explored in order to find wildlife-friendly policies. Preventing | 150 | explored in order to find wildlife-friendly policies. Preventing | ||
| 151 | animals from crossing (eg, by fencing), should be reserved for | 151 | animals from crossing (eg, by fencing), should be reserved for | ||
| 152 | collision hotspots, as it increases barrier effects. Instead, it has | 152 | collision hotspots, as it increases barrier effects. Instead, it has | ||
| 153 | been shown that warning signals or pole barriers effectively reduce | 153 | been shown that warning signals or pole barriers effectively reduce | ||
| 154 | collisions without increasing barrier effects. \n Palabras clave: | 154 | collisions without increasing barrier effects. \n Palabras clave: | ||
| 155 | Barrier, Railway" | 155 | Barrier, Railway" | ||
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