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en Assessing the relative effect of road- and carcass-related factors on searcher efficiency: implications for future roadkill monitoring programmes. -
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) en Assessing the relative effect of road- and carcass-related factors on searcher efficiency: implications for future roadkill monitoring programmes.
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| 80 | "notes": "Carcass counts along roads can notably underestimate the | 94 | "notes": "Carcass counts along roads can notably underestimate the | ||
| 81 | number of wildlife casualties due to several sources of bias, | 95 | number of wildlife casualties due to several sources of bias, | ||
| 82 | including observers\u2019 inability to detect carcasses during the | 96 | including observers\u2019 inability to detect carcasses during the | ||
| 83 | surveys. A wide range of road-type and carcass-related factors can | 97 | surveys. A wide range of road-type and carcass-related factors can | ||
| 84 | affect the detection efficiency by the observers, particularly when | 98 | affect the detection efficiency by the observers, particularly when | ||
| 85 | looking for small-sized species, such as amphibians, small mammals and | 99 | looking for small-sized species, such as amphibians, small mammals and | ||
| 86 | reptiles. To assess the relative importance of factors such as road | 100 | reptiles. To assess the relative importance of factors such as road | ||
| 87 | type (in terms of width and traffic volume), observer, carcass type | 101 | type (in terms of width and traffic volume), observer, carcass type | ||
| 88 | and its condition as well as the location of the carcass, we carried | 102 | and its condition as well as the location of the carcass, we carried | ||
| 89 | out searcher-efficiency trials on two paved two-lane roads located in | 103 | out searcher-efficiency trials on two paved two-lane roads located in | ||
| 90 | central Portugal, namely on a(i) national road, with wide lanes and | 104 | central Portugal, namely on a(i) national road, with wide lanes and | ||
| 91 | shoulders (daytime traffic: ~22.8 vehicles/hour); and on | 105 | shoulders (daytime traffic: ~22.8 vehicles/hour); and on | ||
| 92 | a(ii)secondary road, with narrow lanes and without shoulders (daytime | 106 | a(ii)secondary road, with narrow lanes and without shoulders (daytime | ||
| 93 | traffic: ~2.7 vehicles/hour). Each road was divided into | 107 | traffic: ~2.7 vehicles/hour). Each road was divided into | ||
| 94 | 12sectionscomprising 500m in length (spaced at least 250m apart) along | 108 | 12sectionscomprising 500m in length (spaced at least 250m apart) along | ||
| 95 | which carcasses of passerines were randomly placed (7-10 carcasses per | 109 | which carcasses of passerines were randomly placed (7-10 carcasses per | ||
| 96 | section). In addition, bat carcasses were also randomly placed along | 110 | section). In addition, bat carcasses were also randomly placed along | ||
| 97 | the National road (3-5 carcasses per section).The trials were then | 111 | the National road (3-5 carcasses per section).The trials were then | ||
| 98 | completed by four independent, similar experienced observers driving a | 112 | completed by four independent, similar experienced observers driving a | ||
| 99 | vehicle at 30-40km/hour that recorded the trial carcasses detected. | 113 | vehicle at 30-40km/hour that recorded the trial carcasses detected. | ||
| 100 | All observers were accompanied (on the passenger seat) by the | 114 | All observers were accompanied (on the passenger seat) by the | ||
| 101 | researcher who previously placed the carcasses, to check for their | 115 | researcher who previously placed the carcasses, to check for their | ||
| 102 | presence, current status (e.g. intact, flattened, only feathers) and | 116 | presence, current status (e.g. intact, flattened, only feathers) and | ||
| 103 | position on the road (e.g. left lane, center line, right shoulder, | 117 | position on the road (e.g. left lane, center line, right shoulder, | ||
| 104 | verge). Our preliminary results show that bat carcasses are far more | 118 | verge). Our preliminary results show that bat carcasses are far more | ||
| 105 | difficult to detect (detection rate: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.41) than | 119 | difficult to detect (detection rate: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.41) than | ||
| 106 | passerines (detection rate: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.62 - 0.76). Carcass | 120 | passerines (detection rate: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.62 - 0.76). Carcass | ||
| 107 | position and status seems to significantly affect the detection rates | 121 | position and status seems to significantly affect the detection rates | ||
| 108 | of passerines at the National road, but not in the Secondary road | 122 | of passerines at the National road, but not in the Secondary road | ||
| 109 | (except if carcasses fall on road verges). In both types of roads, the | 123 | (except if carcasses fall on road verges). In both types of roads, the | ||
| 110 | observers seem to detect carcasses of passerines equally well. The | 124 | observers seem to detect carcasses of passerines equally well. The | ||
| 111 | same did not happen with bat carcasses, with different observers | 125 | same did not happen with bat carcasses, with different observers | ||
| 112 | showing considerably different detection rates. On average, almost | 126 | showing considerably different detection rates. On average, almost | ||
| 113 | half of the carcasses (43.6%) were removed before the arrival of the | 127 | half of the carcasses (43.6%) were removed before the arrival of the | ||
| 114 | first observer (i.e., ~3 hours after its placement on the asphalt). | 128 | first observer (i.e., ~3 hours after its placement on the asphalt). | ||
| 115 | Carcass disappearance resulting from traffic or scavengers can, | 129 | Carcass disappearance resulting from traffic or scavengers can, | ||
| 116 | therefore, negatively impact the robustness of the searcher-efficiency | 130 | therefore, negatively impact the robustness of the searcher-efficiency | ||
| 117 | trials and, ultimately, the accuracy of the carcass detection rates | 131 | trials and, ultimately, the accuracy of the carcass detection rates | ||
| 118 | obtained. We provide suggestions to minimize this issue as well as to | 132 | obtained. We provide suggestions to minimize this issue as well as to | ||
| 119 | improve the design of carcass detection trials in future roadkill | 133 | improve the design of carcass detection trials in future roadkill | ||
| 120 | monitoring programmes.", | 134 | monitoring programmes.", | ||
| 121 | "notes_translated": { | 135 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 122 | "en": "Carcass counts along roads can notably underestimate the | 136 | "en": "Carcass counts along roads can notably underestimate the | ||
| 123 | number of wildlife casualties due to several sources of bias, | 137 | number of wildlife casualties due to several sources of bias, | ||
| 124 | including observers\u2019 inability to detect carcasses during the | 138 | including observers\u2019 inability to detect carcasses during the | ||
| 125 | surveys. A wide range of road-type and carcass-related factors can | 139 | surveys. A wide range of road-type and carcass-related factors can | ||
| 126 | affect the detection efficiency by the observers, particularly when | 140 | affect the detection efficiency by the observers, particularly when | ||
| 127 | looking for small-sized species, such as amphibians, small mammals and | 141 | looking for small-sized species, such as amphibians, small mammals and | ||
| 128 | reptiles. To assess the relative importance of factors such as road | 142 | reptiles. To assess the relative importance of factors such as road | ||
| 129 | type (in terms of width and traffic volume), observer, carcass type | 143 | type (in terms of width and traffic volume), observer, carcass type | ||
| 130 | and its condition as well as the location of the carcass, we carried | 144 | and its condition as well as the location of the carcass, we carried | ||
| 131 | out searcher-efficiency trials on two paved two-lane roads located in | 145 | out searcher-efficiency trials on two paved two-lane roads located in | ||
| 132 | central Portugal, namely on a(i) national road, with wide lanes and | 146 | central Portugal, namely on a(i) national road, with wide lanes and | ||
| 133 | shoulders (daytime traffic: ~22.8 vehicles/hour); and on | 147 | shoulders (daytime traffic: ~22.8 vehicles/hour); and on | ||
| 134 | a(ii)secondary road, with narrow lanes and without shoulders (daytime | 148 | a(ii)secondary road, with narrow lanes and without shoulders (daytime | ||
| 135 | traffic: ~2.7 vehicles/hour). Each road was divided into | 149 | traffic: ~2.7 vehicles/hour). Each road was divided into | ||
| 136 | 12sectionscomprising 500m in length (spaced at least 250m apart) along | 150 | 12sectionscomprising 500m in length (spaced at least 250m apart) along | ||
| 137 | which carcasses of passerines were randomly placed (7-10 carcasses per | 151 | which carcasses of passerines were randomly placed (7-10 carcasses per | ||
| 138 | section). In addition, bat carcasses were also randomly placed along | 152 | section). In addition, bat carcasses were also randomly placed along | ||
| 139 | the National road (3-5 carcasses per section).The trials were then | 153 | the National road (3-5 carcasses per section).The trials were then | ||
| 140 | completed by four independent, similar experienced observers driving a | 154 | completed by four independent, similar experienced observers driving a | ||
| 141 | vehicle at 30-40km/hour that recorded the trial carcasses detected. | 155 | vehicle at 30-40km/hour that recorded the trial carcasses detected. | ||
| 142 | All observers were accompanied (on the passenger seat) by the | 156 | All observers were accompanied (on the passenger seat) by the | ||
| 143 | researcher who previously placed the carcasses, to check for their | 157 | researcher who previously placed the carcasses, to check for their | ||
| 144 | presence, current status (e.g. intact, flattened, only feathers) and | 158 | presence, current status (e.g. intact, flattened, only feathers) and | ||
| 145 | position on the road (e.g. left lane, center line, right shoulder, | 159 | position on the road (e.g. left lane, center line, right shoulder, | ||
| 146 | verge). Our preliminary results show that bat carcasses are far more | 160 | verge). Our preliminary results show that bat carcasses are far more | ||
| 147 | difficult to detect (detection rate: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.41) than | 161 | difficult to detect (detection rate: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.41) than | ||
| 148 | passerines (detection rate: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.62 - 0.76). Carcass | 162 | passerines (detection rate: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.62 - 0.76). Carcass | ||
| 149 | position and status seems to significantly affect the detection rates | 163 | position and status seems to significantly affect the detection rates | ||
| 150 | of passerines at the National road, but not in the Secondary road | 164 | of passerines at the National road, but not in the Secondary road | ||
| 151 | (except if carcasses fall on road verges). In both types of roads, the | 165 | (except if carcasses fall on road verges). In both types of roads, the | ||
| 152 | observers seem to detect carcasses of passerines equally well. The | 166 | observers seem to detect carcasses of passerines equally well. The | ||
| 153 | same did not happen with bat carcasses, with different observers | 167 | same did not happen with bat carcasses, with different observers | ||
| 154 | showing considerably different detection rates. On average, almost | 168 | showing considerably different detection rates. On average, almost | ||
| 155 | half of the carcasses (43.6%) were removed before the arrival of the | 169 | half of the carcasses (43.6%) were removed before the arrival of the | ||
| 156 | first observer (i.e., ~3 hours after its placement on the asphalt). | 170 | first observer (i.e., ~3 hours after its placement on the asphalt). | ||
| 157 | Carcass disappearance resulting from traffic or scavengers can, | 171 | Carcass disappearance resulting from traffic or scavengers can, | ||
| 158 | therefore, negatively impact the robustness of the searcher-efficiency | 172 | therefore, negatively impact the robustness of the searcher-efficiency | ||
| 159 | trials and, ultimately, the accuracy of the carcass detection rates | 173 | trials and, ultimately, the accuracy of the carcass detection rates | ||
| 160 | obtained. We provide suggestions to minimize this issue as well as to | 174 | obtained. We provide suggestions to minimize this issue as well as to | ||
| 161 | improve the design of carcass detection trials in future roadkill | 175 | improve the design of carcass detection trials in future roadkill | ||
| 162 | monitoring programmes.", | 176 | monitoring programmes.", | ||
| 163 | "es": "Carcass counts along roads can notably underestimate the | 177 | "es": "Carcass counts along roads can notably underestimate the | ||
| 164 | number of wildlife casualties due to several sources of bias, | 178 | number of wildlife casualties due to several sources of bias, | ||
| 165 | including observers\u2019 inability to detect carcasses during the | 179 | including observers\u2019 inability to detect carcasses during the | ||
| 166 | surveys. A wide range of road-type and carcass-related factors can | 180 | surveys. A wide range of road-type and carcass-related factors can | ||
| 167 | affect the detection efficiency by the observers, particularly when | 181 | affect the detection efficiency by the observers, particularly when | ||
| 168 | looking for small-sized species, such as amphibians, small mammals and | 182 | looking for small-sized species, such as amphibians, small mammals and | ||
| 169 | reptiles. To assess the relative importance of factors such as road | 183 | reptiles. To assess the relative importance of factors such as road | ||
| 170 | type (in terms of width and traffic volume), observer, carcass type | 184 | type (in terms of width and traffic volume), observer, carcass type | ||
| 171 | and its condition as well as the location of the carcass, we carried | 185 | and its condition as well as the location of the carcass, we carried | ||
| 172 | out searcher-efficiency trials on two paved two-lane roads located in | 186 | out searcher-efficiency trials on two paved two-lane roads located in | ||
| 173 | central Portugal, namely on a(i) national road, with wide lanes and | 187 | central Portugal, namely on a(i) national road, with wide lanes and | ||
| 174 | shoulders (daytime traffic: ~22.8 vehicles/hour); and on | 188 | shoulders (daytime traffic: ~22.8 vehicles/hour); and on | ||
| 175 | a(ii)secondary road, with narrow lanes and without shoulders (daytime | 189 | a(ii)secondary road, with narrow lanes and without shoulders (daytime | ||
| 176 | traffic: ~2.7 vehicles/hour). Each road was divided into | 190 | traffic: ~2.7 vehicles/hour). Each road was divided into | ||
| 177 | 12sectionscomprising 500m in length (spaced at least 250m apart) along | 191 | 12sectionscomprising 500m in length (spaced at least 250m apart) along | ||
| 178 | which carcasses of passerines were randomly placed (7-10 carcasses per | 192 | which carcasses of passerines were randomly placed (7-10 carcasses per | ||
| 179 | section). In addition, bat carcasses were also randomly placed along | 193 | section). In addition, bat carcasses were also randomly placed along | ||
| 180 | the National road (3-5 carcasses per section).The trials were then | 194 | the National road (3-5 carcasses per section).The trials were then | ||
| 181 | completed by four independent, similar experienced observers driving a | 195 | completed by four independent, similar experienced observers driving a | ||
| 182 | vehicle at 30-40km/hour that recorded the trial carcasses detected. | 196 | vehicle at 30-40km/hour that recorded the trial carcasses detected. | ||
| 183 | All observers were accompanied (on the passenger seat) by the | 197 | All observers were accompanied (on the passenger seat) by the | ||
| 184 | researcher who previously placed the carcasses, to check for their | 198 | researcher who previously placed the carcasses, to check for their | ||
| 185 | presence, current status (e.g. intact, flattened, only feathers) and | 199 | presence, current status (e.g. intact, flattened, only feathers) and | ||
| 186 | position on the road (e.g. left lane, center line, right shoulder, | 200 | position on the road (e.g. left lane, center line, right shoulder, | ||
| 187 | verge). Our preliminary results show that bat carcasses are far more | 201 | verge). Our preliminary results show that bat carcasses are far more | ||
| 188 | difficult to detect (detection rate: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.41) than | 202 | difficult to detect (detection rate: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.41) than | ||
| 189 | passerines (detection rate: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.62 - 0.76). Carcass | 203 | passerines (detection rate: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.62 - 0.76). Carcass | ||
| 190 | position and status seems to significantly affect the detection rates | 204 | position and status seems to significantly affect the detection rates | ||
| 191 | of passerines at the National road, but not in the Secondary road | 205 | of passerines at the National road, but not in the Secondary road | ||
| 192 | (except if carcasses fall on road verges). In both types of roads, the | 206 | (except if carcasses fall on road verges). In both types of roads, the | ||
| 193 | observers seem to detect carcasses of passerines equally well. The | 207 | observers seem to detect carcasses of passerines equally well. The | ||
| 194 | same did not happen with bat carcasses, with different observers | 208 | same did not happen with bat carcasses, with different observers | ||
| 195 | showing considerably different detection rates. On average, almost | 209 | showing considerably different detection rates. On average, almost | ||
| 196 | half of the carcasses (43.6%) were removed before the arrival of the | 210 | half of the carcasses (43.6%) were removed before the arrival of the | ||
| 197 | first observer (i.e., ~3 hours after its placement on the asphalt). | 211 | first observer (i.e., ~3 hours after its placement on the asphalt). | ||
| 198 | Carcass disappearance resulting from traffic or scavengers can, | 212 | Carcass disappearance resulting from traffic or scavengers can, | ||
| 199 | therefore, negatively impact the robustness of the searcher-efficiency | 213 | therefore, negatively impact the robustness of the searcher-efficiency | ||
| 200 | trials and, ultimately, the accuracy of the carcass detection rates | 214 | trials and, ultimately, the accuracy of the carcass detection rates | ||
| 201 | obtained. We provide suggestions to minimize this issue as well as to | 215 | obtained. We provide suggestions to minimize this issue as well as to | ||
| 202 | improve the design of carcass detection trials in future roadkill | 216 | improve the design of carcass detection trials in future roadkill | ||
| 203 | monitoring programmes." | 217 | monitoring programmes." | ||
| 204 | }, | 218 | }, | ||
| 205 | "num_resources": 1, | 219 | "num_resources": 1, | ||
| 206 | "num_tags": 2, | 220 | "num_tags": 2, | ||
| 207 | "organization": { | 221 | "organization": { | ||
| 208 | "approval_status": "approved", | 222 | "approval_status": "approved", | ||
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