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a2026-06-25
en Hotspot maps of roadkills: how important is the sampling frequency? -
Modificado el valor del campo
modified
del recurso Acceso al recurso a2026-06-25
(anteriormente2026-06-23
) en Hotspot maps of roadkills: how important is the sampling frequency?
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| 79 | "notes": "In order to minimize the negative impacts of roads on | 93 | "notes": "In order to minimize the negative impacts of roads on | ||
| 80 | wildlife mortality and fragmentation, ecologists and road managers | 94 | wildlife mortality and fragmentation, ecologists and road managers | ||
| 81 | have been working together on assessing spatial patterns of roadkills, | 95 | have been working together on assessing spatial patterns of roadkills, | ||
| 82 | taxa most sensible, and road and landscape characteristics that | 96 | taxa most sensible, and road and landscape characteristics that | ||
| 83 | influence roadkill numbers. Of special concern when analyzing these | 97 | influence roadkill numbers. Of special concern when analyzing these | ||
| 84 | spatial patterns, is the location of roadkill hostspots, ie. segments | 98 | spatial patterns, is the location of roadkill hostspots, ie. segments | ||
| 85 | of roads with clusters of wildlife mortality. The accuracy in the | 99 | of roads with clusters of wildlife mortality. The accuracy in the | ||
| 86 | spatial definition of hotspots is of prime importance not only to | 100 | spatial definition of hotspots is of prime importance not only to | ||
| 87 | conservation biologists, but also to road agencies and planners, as | 101 | conservation biologists, but also to road agencies and planners, as | ||
| 88 | mitigation of roadways is usually expensive. Recently it has been | 102 | mitigation of roadways is usually expensive. Recently it has been | ||
| 89 | shown that lower frequencies of road monitoring (longer intervals | 103 | shown that lower frequencies of road monitoring (longer intervals | ||
| 90 | between samplings) may be responsible for losses of more than 50 % of | 104 | between samplings) may be responsible for losses of more than 50 % of | ||
| 91 | roadkill numbers registered for several taxonomic groups, when | 105 | roadkill numbers registered for several taxonomic groups, when | ||
| 92 | compared with a daily sampling. This result highlights the need to | 106 | compared with a daily sampling. This result highlights the need to | ||
| 93 | account for other possible sources of inaccuracies when monitoring | 107 | account for other possible sources of inaccuracies when monitoring | ||
| 94 | roadkills with varying sampling frequencies. Particularly important is | 108 | roadkills with varying sampling frequencies. Particularly important is | ||
| 95 | the evaluation of the spatial accuracy of roadkill hotspot locations | 109 | the evaluation of the spatial accuracy of roadkill hotspot locations | ||
| 96 | when different sampling efforts are implemented because inaccurate | 110 | when different sampling efforts are implemented because inaccurate | ||
| 97 | results may fail to detect \u201creal\u201d roadkill hotspots or can | 111 | results may fail to detect \u201creal\u201d roadkill hotspots or can | ||
| 98 | direct highly-cost mitigation measures to the inappropriate road | 112 | direct highly-cost mitigation measures to the inappropriate road | ||
| 99 | sections. In the present study, we aim to assess the spatial | 113 | sections. In the present study, we aim to assess the spatial | ||
| 100 | discrepancy of hotspots location using four sampling frequencies | 114 | discrepancy of hotspots location using four sampling frequencies | ||
| 101 | (scenarios), and determine for which taxonomic groups is this spatial | 115 | (scenarios), and determine for which taxonomic groups is this spatial | ||
| 102 | discrepancy most severe. We used a dataset of a one-year long roadkill | 116 | discrepancy most severe. We used a dataset of a one-year long roadkill | ||
| 103 | daily survey, including 4453 individual records of vertebrate | 117 | daily survey, including 4453 individual records of vertebrate | ||
| 104 | carcasses, for which survival time on the road is known. This dataset | 118 | carcasses, for which survival time on the road is known. This dataset | ||
| 105 | was arranged in five data matrices concerning different sampling | 119 | was arranged in five data matrices concerning different sampling | ||
| 106 | frequencies: daily sampling (the baseline data), and four scenarios, | 120 | frequencies: daily sampling (the baseline data), and four scenarios, | ||
| 107 | 2-day interval, weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly sampling. We considered | 121 | 2-day interval, weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly sampling. We considered | ||
| 108 | the global species data (all taxonomic groups together) and each of | 122 | the global species data (all taxonomic groups together) and each of | ||
| 109 | the 13 taxonomic groups considered for the analyses. For analyses, the | 123 | the 13 taxonomic groups considered for the analyses. For analyses, the | ||
| 110 | road was divided in 500-m sections and hotspots were calculated | 124 | road was divided in 500-m sections and hotspots were calculated | ||
| 111 | according to Malo's method (using a Poisson distribution). We | 125 | according to Malo's method (using a Poisson distribution). We | ||
| 112 | considered a threshold of 95 % and a corresponding minimum of two | 126 | considered a threshold of 95 % and a corresponding minimum of two | ||
| 113 | observations (roadkilled animals) in order to proceed with the | 127 | observations (roadkilled animals) in order to proceed with the | ||
| 114 | analyses. In order to evaluate spatial discrepancy in hotspot location | 128 | analyses. In order to evaluate spatial discrepancy in hotspot location | ||
| 115 | at road sections (presence/absence of hotspot) between daily and each | 129 | at road sections (presence/absence of hotspot) between daily and each | ||
| 116 | of the four sampling scenarios, we used the Phi correlation. For | 130 | of the four sampling scenarios, we used the Phi correlation. For | ||
| 117 | global data, spatial discrepancy of hotspots increased most from | 131 | global data, spatial discrepancy of hotspots increased most from | ||
| 118 | weekly scenario onwards (phi weekly = 0.66, phi bi-weekly =0.61, phi | 132 | weekly scenario onwards (phi weekly = 0.66, phi bi-weekly =0.61, phi | ||
| 119 | monthly =0.58), while the 2-day scenario had the lowest discrepancy | 133 | monthly =0.58), while the 2-day scenario had the lowest discrepancy | ||
| 120 | (phi 2-day =0.89). None of the four scenarios produced a hotspot map | 134 | (phi 2-day =0.89). None of the four scenarios produced a hotspot map | ||
| 121 | identical to the one obtained through daily survey, neither with | 135 | identical to the one obtained through daily survey, neither with | ||
| 122 | global data nor with separated taxa. Even for the highest correlated | 136 | global data nor with separated taxa. Even for the highest correlated | ||
| 123 | scenario (2-day sampling), a different hotspot map was obtained for | 137 | scenario (2-day sampling), a different hotspot map was obtained for | ||
| 124 | all studied taxa. Taxa with higher discrepancy in hotspot maps were | 138 | all studied taxa. Taxa with higher discrepancy in hotspot maps were | ||
| 125 | bats, toads, salamanders, snakes and small mammals. Birds of prey, | 139 | bats, toads, salamanders, snakes and small mammals. Birds of prey, | ||
| 126 | hedgehogs, carnivores, and lagomorphs had the lowest spatial | 140 | hedgehogs, carnivores, and lagomorphs had the lowest spatial | ||
| 127 | discrepancy in hotspot maps. These results must be taken into account | 141 | discrepancy in hotspot maps. These results must be taken into account | ||
| 128 | when planning roadkill monitoring programs, specially if we are | 142 | when planning roadkill monitoring programs, specially if we are | ||
| 129 | dealing with small species.", | 143 | dealing with small species.", | ||
| 130 | "notes_translated": { | 144 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 131 | "en": "In order to minimize the negative impacts of roads on | 145 | "en": "In order to minimize the negative impacts of roads on | ||
| 132 | wildlife mortality and fragmentation, ecologists and road managers | 146 | wildlife mortality and fragmentation, ecologists and road managers | ||
| 133 | have been working together on assessing spatial patterns of roadkills, | 147 | have been working together on assessing spatial patterns of roadkills, | ||
| 134 | taxa most sensible, and road and landscape characteristics that | 148 | taxa most sensible, and road and landscape characteristics that | ||
| 135 | influence roadkill numbers. Of special concern when analyzing these | 149 | influence roadkill numbers. Of special concern when analyzing these | ||
| 136 | spatial patterns, is the location of roadkill hostspots, ie. segments | 150 | spatial patterns, is the location of roadkill hostspots, ie. segments | ||
| 137 | of roads with clusters of wildlife mortality. The accuracy in the | 151 | of roads with clusters of wildlife mortality. The accuracy in the | ||
| 138 | spatial definition of hotspots is of prime importance not only to | 152 | spatial definition of hotspots is of prime importance not only to | ||
| 139 | conservation biologists, but also to road agencies and planners, as | 153 | conservation biologists, but also to road agencies and planners, as | ||
| 140 | mitigation of roadways is usually expensive. Recently it has been | 154 | mitigation of roadways is usually expensive. Recently it has been | ||
| 141 | shown that lower frequencies of road monitoring (longer intervals | 155 | shown that lower frequencies of road monitoring (longer intervals | ||
| 142 | between samplings) may be responsible for losses of more than 50 % of | 156 | between samplings) may be responsible for losses of more than 50 % of | ||
| 143 | roadkill numbers registered for several taxonomic groups, when | 157 | roadkill numbers registered for several taxonomic groups, when | ||
| 144 | compared with a daily sampling. This result highlights the need to | 158 | compared with a daily sampling. This result highlights the need to | ||
| 145 | account for other possible sources of inaccuracies when monitoring | 159 | account for other possible sources of inaccuracies when monitoring | ||
| 146 | roadkills with varying sampling frequencies. Particularly important is | 160 | roadkills with varying sampling frequencies. Particularly important is | ||
| 147 | the evaluation of the spatial accuracy of roadkill hotspot locations | 161 | the evaluation of the spatial accuracy of roadkill hotspot locations | ||
| 148 | when different sampling efforts are implemented because inaccurate | 162 | when different sampling efforts are implemented because inaccurate | ||
| 149 | results may fail to detect \u201creal\u201d roadkill hotspots or can | 163 | results may fail to detect \u201creal\u201d roadkill hotspots or can | ||
| 150 | direct highly-cost mitigation measures to the inappropriate road | 164 | direct highly-cost mitigation measures to the inappropriate road | ||
| 151 | sections. In the present study, we aim to assess the spatial | 165 | sections. In the present study, we aim to assess the spatial | ||
| 152 | discrepancy of hotspots location using four sampling frequencies | 166 | discrepancy of hotspots location using four sampling frequencies | ||
| 153 | (scenarios), and determine for which taxonomic groups is this spatial | 167 | (scenarios), and determine for which taxonomic groups is this spatial | ||
| 154 | discrepancy most severe. We used a dataset of a one-year long roadkill | 168 | discrepancy most severe. We used a dataset of a one-year long roadkill | ||
| 155 | daily survey, including 4453 individual records of vertebrate | 169 | daily survey, including 4453 individual records of vertebrate | ||
| 156 | carcasses, for which survival time on the road is known. This dataset | 170 | carcasses, for which survival time on the road is known. This dataset | ||
| 157 | was arranged in five data matrices concerning different sampling | 171 | was arranged in five data matrices concerning different sampling | ||
| 158 | frequencies: daily sampling (the baseline data), and four scenarios, | 172 | frequencies: daily sampling (the baseline data), and four scenarios, | ||
| 159 | 2-day interval, weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly sampling. We considered | 173 | 2-day interval, weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly sampling. We considered | ||
| 160 | the global species data (all taxonomic groups together) and each of | 174 | the global species data (all taxonomic groups together) and each of | ||
| 161 | the 13 taxonomic groups considered for the analyses. For analyses, the | 175 | the 13 taxonomic groups considered for the analyses. For analyses, the | ||
| 162 | road was divided in 500-m sections and hotspots were calculated | 176 | road was divided in 500-m sections and hotspots were calculated | ||
| 163 | according to Malo's method (using a Poisson distribution). We | 177 | according to Malo's method (using a Poisson distribution). We | ||
| 164 | considered a threshold of 95 % and a corresponding minimum of two | 178 | considered a threshold of 95 % and a corresponding minimum of two | ||
| 165 | observations (roadkilled animals) in order to proceed with the | 179 | observations (roadkilled animals) in order to proceed with the | ||
| 166 | analyses. In order to evaluate spatial discrepancy in hotspot location | 180 | analyses. In order to evaluate spatial discrepancy in hotspot location | ||
| 167 | at road sections (presence/absence of hotspot) between daily and each | 181 | at road sections (presence/absence of hotspot) between daily and each | ||
| 168 | of the four sampling scenarios, we used the Phi correlation. For | 182 | of the four sampling scenarios, we used the Phi correlation. For | ||
| 169 | global data, spatial discrepancy of hotspots increased most from | 183 | global data, spatial discrepancy of hotspots increased most from | ||
| 170 | weekly scenario onwards (phi weekly = 0.66, phi bi-weekly =0.61, phi | 184 | weekly scenario onwards (phi weekly = 0.66, phi bi-weekly =0.61, phi | ||
| 171 | monthly =0.58), while the 2-day scenario had the lowest discrepancy | 185 | monthly =0.58), while the 2-day scenario had the lowest discrepancy | ||
| 172 | (phi 2-day =0.89). None of the four scenarios produced a hotspot map | 186 | (phi 2-day =0.89). None of the four scenarios produced a hotspot map | ||
| 173 | identical to the one obtained through daily survey, neither with | 187 | identical to the one obtained through daily survey, neither with | ||
| 174 | global data nor with separated taxa. Even for the highest correlated | 188 | global data nor with separated taxa. Even for the highest correlated | ||
| 175 | scenario (2-day sampling), a different hotspot map was obtained for | 189 | scenario (2-day sampling), a different hotspot map was obtained for | ||
| 176 | all studied taxa. Taxa with higher discrepancy in hotspot maps were | 190 | all studied taxa. Taxa with higher discrepancy in hotspot maps were | ||
| 177 | bats, toads, salamanders, snakes and small mammals. Birds of prey, | 191 | bats, toads, salamanders, snakes and small mammals. Birds of prey, | ||
| 178 | hedgehogs, carnivores, and lagomorphs had the lowest spatial | 192 | hedgehogs, carnivores, and lagomorphs had the lowest spatial | ||
| 179 | discrepancy in hotspot maps. These results must be taken into account | 193 | discrepancy in hotspot maps. These results must be taken into account | ||
| 180 | when planning roadkill monitoring programs, specially if we are | 194 | when planning roadkill monitoring programs, specially if we are | ||
| 181 | dealing with small species.", | 195 | dealing with small species.", | ||
| 182 | "es": "In order to minimize the negative impacts of roads on | 196 | "es": "In order to minimize the negative impacts of roads on | ||
| 183 | wildlife mortality and fragmentation, ecologists and road managers | 197 | wildlife mortality and fragmentation, ecologists and road managers | ||
| 184 | have been working together on assessing spatial patterns of roadkills, | 198 | have been working together on assessing spatial patterns of roadkills, | ||
| 185 | taxa most sensible, and road and landscape characteristics that | 199 | taxa most sensible, and road and landscape characteristics that | ||
| 186 | influence roadkill numbers. Of special concern when analyzing these | 200 | influence roadkill numbers. Of special concern when analyzing these | ||
| 187 | spatial patterns, is the location of roadkill hostspots, ie. segments | 201 | spatial patterns, is the location of roadkill hostspots, ie. segments | ||
| 188 | of roads with clusters of wildlife mortality. The accuracy in the | 202 | of roads with clusters of wildlife mortality. The accuracy in the | ||
| 189 | spatial definition of hotspots is of prime importance not only to | 203 | spatial definition of hotspots is of prime importance not only to | ||
| 190 | conservation biologists, but also to road agencies and planners, as | 204 | conservation biologists, but also to road agencies and planners, as | ||
| 191 | mitigation of roadways is usually expensive. Recently it has been | 205 | mitigation of roadways is usually expensive. Recently it has been | ||
| 192 | shown that lower frequencies of road monitoring (longer intervals | 206 | shown that lower frequencies of road monitoring (longer intervals | ||
| 193 | between samplings) may be responsible for losses of more than 50 % of | 207 | between samplings) may be responsible for losses of more than 50 % of | ||
| 194 | roadkill numbers registered for several taxonomic groups, when | 208 | roadkill numbers registered for several taxonomic groups, when | ||
| 195 | compared with a daily sampling. This result highlights the need to | 209 | compared with a daily sampling. This result highlights the need to | ||
| 196 | account for other possible sources of inaccuracies when monitoring | 210 | account for other possible sources of inaccuracies when monitoring | ||
| 197 | roadkills with varying sampling frequencies. Particularly important is | 211 | roadkills with varying sampling frequencies. Particularly important is | ||
| 198 | the evaluation of the spatial accuracy of roadkill hotspot locations | 212 | the evaluation of the spatial accuracy of roadkill hotspot locations | ||
| 199 | when different sampling efforts are implemented because inaccurate | 213 | when different sampling efforts are implemented because inaccurate | ||
| 200 | results may fail to detect \u201creal\u201d roadkill hotspots or can | 214 | results may fail to detect \u201creal\u201d roadkill hotspots or can | ||
| 201 | direct highly-cost mitigation measures to the inappropriate road | 215 | direct highly-cost mitigation measures to the inappropriate road | ||
| 202 | sections. In the present study, we aim to assess the spatial | 216 | sections. In the present study, we aim to assess the spatial | ||
| 203 | discrepancy of hotspots location using four sampling frequencies | 217 | discrepancy of hotspots location using four sampling frequencies | ||
| 204 | (scenarios), and determine for which taxonomic groups is this spatial | 218 | (scenarios), and determine for which taxonomic groups is this spatial | ||
| 205 | discrepancy most severe. We used a dataset of a one-year long roadkill | 219 | discrepancy most severe. We used a dataset of a one-year long roadkill | ||
| 206 | daily survey, including 4453 individual records of vertebrate | 220 | daily survey, including 4453 individual records of vertebrate | ||
| 207 | carcasses, for which survival time on the road is known. This dataset | 221 | carcasses, for which survival time on the road is known. This dataset | ||
| 208 | was arranged in five data matrices concerning different sampling | 222 | was arranged in five data matrices concerning different sampling | ||
| 209 | frequencies: daily sampling (the baseline data), and four scenarios, | 223 | frequencies: daily sampling (the baseline data), and four scenarios, | ||
| 210 | 2-day interval, weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly sampling. We considered | 224 | 2-day interval, weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly sampling. We considered | ||
| 211 | the global species data (all taxonomic groups together) and each of | 225 | the global species data (all taxonomic groups together) and each of | ||
| 212 | the 13 taxonomic groups considered for the analyses. For analyses, the | 226 | the 13 taxonomic groups considered for the analyses. For analyses, the | ||
| 213 | road was divided in 500-m sections and hotspots were calculated | 227 | road was divided in 500-m sections and hotspots were calculated | ||
| 214 | according to Malo's method (using a Poisson distribution). We | 228 | according to Malo's method (using a Poisson distribution). We | ||
| 215 | considered a threshold of 95 % and a corresponding minimum of two | 229 | considered a threshold of 95 % and a corresponding minimum of two | ||
| 216 | observations (roadkilled animals) in order to proceed with the | 230 | observations (roadkilled animals) in order to proceed with the | ||
| 217 | analyses. In order to evaluate spatial discrepancy in hotspot location | 231 | analyses. In order to evaluate spatial discrepancy in hotspot location | ||
| 218 | at road sections (presence/absence of hotspot) between daily and each | 232 | at road sections (presence/absence of hotspot) between daily and each | ||
| 219 | of the four sampling scenarios, we used the Phi correlation. For | 233 | of the four sampling scenarios, we used the Phi correlation. For | ||
| 220 | global data, spatial discrepancy of hotspots increased most from | 234 | global data, spatial discrepancy of hotspots increased most from | ||
| 221 | weekly scenario onwards (phi weekly = 0.66, phi bi-weekly =0.61, phi | 235 | weekly scenario onwards (phi weekly = 0.66, phi bi-weekly =0.61, phi | ||
| 222 | monthly =0.58), while the 2-day scenario had the lowest discrepancy | 236 | monthly =0.58), while the 2-day scenario had the lowest discrepancy | ||
| 223 | (phi 2-day =0.89). None of the four scenarios produced a hotspot map | 237 | (phi 2-day =0.89). None of the four scenarios produced a hotspot map | ||
| 224 | identical to the one obtained through daily survey, neither with | 238 | identical to the one obtained through daily survey, neither with | ||
| 225 | global data nor with separated taxa. Even for the highest correlated | 239 | global data nor with separated taxa. Even for the highest correlated | ||
| 226 | scenario (2-day sampling), a different hotspot map was obtained for | 240 | scenario (2-day sampling), a different hotspot map was obtained for | ||
| 227 | all studied taxa. Taxa with higher discrepancy in hotspot maps were | 241 | all studied taxa. Taxa with higher discrepancy in hotspot maps were | ||
| 228 | bats, toads, salamanders, snakes and small mammals. Birds of prey, | 242 | bats, toads, salamanders, snakes and small mammals. Birds of prey, | ||
| 229 | hedgehogs, carnivores, and lagomorphs had the lowest spatial | 243 | hedgehogs, carnivores, and lagomorphs had the lowest spatial | ||
| 230 | discrepancy in hotspot maps. These results must be taken into account | 244 | discrepancy in hotspot maps. These results must be taken into account | ||
| 231 | when planning roadkill monitoring programs, specially if we are | 245 | when planning roadkill monitoring programs, specially if we are | ||
| 232 | dealing with small species." | 246 | dealing with small species." | ||
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