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En el instante 23 de junio de 2026, 16:03:12 UTC,
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Modificado el valor del campo
spatial_coverage
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en Risky wandering close to the railway: flight behavior of birds across the platform and viaducts in a high-speed railway.
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| 82 | "notes": "Running trains kill birds, and this problem is foreseeable | 82 | "notes": "Running trains kill birds, and this problem is foreseeable | ||
| 83 | larger in high speed railways (HSRs). However, HSRs have been planned | 83 | larger in high speed railways (HSRs). However, HSRs have been planned | ||
| 84 | and built over years with scant knowledge of this impact, leading | 84 | and built over years with scant knowledge of this impact, leading | ||
| 85 | Environmental Impact Assessment and mitigation to be backed mainly on | 85 | Environmental Impact Assessment and mitigation to be backed mainly on | ||
| 86 | intuition or soft data. A special focus has been devoted to viaducts | 86 | intuition or soft data. A special focus has been devoted to viaducts | ||
| 87 | in valleys, where bird protection barriers are prescribed assuming | 87 | in valleys, where bird protection barriers are prescribed assuming | ||
| 88 | without formal evaluation their high risk nature due to corridor | 88 | without formal evaluation their high risk nature due to corridor | ||
| 89 | effects and the elevated position of the railway there. Better | 89 | effects and the elevated position of the railway there. Better | ||
| 90 | knowledge of bird behavior around railways is thus needed to inform | 90 | knowledge of bird behavior around railways is thus needed to inform | ||
| 91 | the environmental decisions for the expected increase in the extent | 91 | the environmental decisions for the expected increase in the extent | ||
| 92 | and traffic of railways. In this context, we present results from a | 92 | and traffic of railways. In this context, we present results from a | ||
| 93 | two-year study of bird flight patterns over an 8-km stretch and three | 93 | two-year study of bird flight patterns over an 8-km stretch and three | ||
| 94 | viaducts (656m, 334m and 460m length) in the HSR line around Le\u00f3n | 94 | viaducts (656m, 334m and 460m length) in the HSR line around Le\u00f3n | ||
| 95 | (NW Spain).The study is based on 10\u2019 bird observation stations | 95 | (NW Spain).The study is based on 10\u2019 bird observation stations | ||
| 96 | (N=2,342) devoted to the census of flying birds across 120m stretches | 96 | (N=2,342) devoted to the census of flying birds across 120m stretches | ||
| 97 | of the railway (each flock or solitary bird denoted as a | 97 | of the railway (each flock or solitary bird denoted as a | ||
| 98 | \u2018crossing\u2019). Since train-kill may happen when birds fly | 98 | \u2018crossing\u2019). Since train-kill may happen when birds fly | ||
| 99 | across the gap between the rail and the catenary, total frequency of | 99 | across the gap between the rail and the catenary, total frequency of | ||
| 100 | bird crossings and the percentage of crossings through the risk area | 100 | bird crossings and the percentage of crossings through the risk area | ||
| 101 | where our target variables. Our results show that bird crossing of the | 101 | where our target variables. Our results show that bird crossing of the | ||
| 102 | railway is frequent and rather dependent on very local conditions. | 102 | railway is frequent and rather dependent on very local conditions. | ||
| 103 | Thus, in the study area bird flight across the viaduct over the Esla | 103 | Thus, in the study area bird flight across the viaduct over the Esla | ||
| 104 | River (average 47.0 crossings/km*h) was less frequent than over other | 104 | River (average 47.0 crossings/km*h) was less frequent than over other | ||
| 105 | adjacent sections (69.6 crossing/km*h); and both these features much | 105 | adjacent sections (69.6 crossing/km*h); and both these features much | ||
| 106 | larger than those observed in the two viaducts over the Bernesga River | 106 | larger than those observed in the two viaducts over the Bernesga River | ||
| 107 | (18.7 and 16.5 crossings/km*h) in the same railway. Regarding the | 107 | (18.7 and 16.5 crossings/km*h) in the same railway. Regarding the | ||
| 108 | proportion of flights across the risk area, it was higher where the | 108 | proportion of flights across the risk area, it was higher where the | ||
| 109 | railway runs over embankments (45.5%) than in any viaduct. The | 109 | railway runs over embankments (45.5%) than in any viaduct. The | ||
| 110 | percentages of risk crossings were rather similar among these, though | 110 | percentages of risk crossings were rather similar among these, though | ||
| 111 | a bit lower (23.7%) in the one protected with 2m opaque screens than | 111 | a bit lower (23.7%) in the one protected with 2m opaque screens than | ||
| 112 | in the unprotected ones (32.2% and 27.5% respectively). Several common | 112 | in the unprotected ones (32.2% and 27.5% respectively). Several common | ||
| 113 | species (e.g. Columba palumbus, Fringillidae, Hirundinidae), but also | 113 | species (e.g. Columba palumbus, Fringillidae, Hirundinidae), but also | ||
| 114 | others\n of more conservation concern (e.g. Milvusmigrans, Circus | 114 | others\n of more conservation concern (e.g. Milvusmigrans, Circus | ||
| 115 | aeruginosus, Buteo buteo), were found to cross frequently through the | 115 | aeruginosus, Buteo buteo), were found to cross frequently through the | ||
| 116 | risk area in both the viaducts (with or without barriers) and the flat | 116 | risk area in both the viaducts (with or without barriers) and the flat | ||
| 117 | sections of the railway. We conclude that (i) many birds cross | 117 | sections of the railway. We conclude that (i) many birds cross | ||
| 118 | routinely the railway under the risk of being killed and (ii) this | 118 | routinely the railway under the risk of being killed and (ii) this | ||
| 119 | situation is very dependent on local conditions, forcing a detailed | 119 | situation is very dependent on local conditions, forcing a detailed | ||
| 120 | analysis of future HSR lines during planning and the development of | 120 | analysis of future HSR lines during planning and the development of | ||
| 121 | extensive bird studies in order to properly evaluate the environmental | 121 | extensive bird studies in order to properly evaluate the environmental | ||
| 122 | impacts and locate and design the mitigation measures. Moreover, (iii) | 122 | impacts and locate and design the mitigation measures. Moreover, (iii) | ||
| 123 | viaducts may not be always the most risky sites for birds, and (iv) | 123 | viaducts may not be always the most risky sites for birds, and (iv) | ||
| 124 | bird protection screens should be taller than those routinely used for | 124 | bird protection screens should be taller than those routinely used for | ||
| 125 | noise protection, since they do not dissuade birds to cross the gap | 125 | noise protection, since they do not dissuade birds to cross the gap | ||
| 126 | between the rail and the catenary. Extensive basic studies like this | 126 | between the rail and the catenary. Extensive basic studies like this | ||
| 127 | one are also needed due to the huge gap of knowledge existent on | 127 | one are also needed due to the huge gap of knowledge existent on | ||
| 128 | railway effects on wildlife.", | 128 | railway effects on wildlife.", | ||
| 129 | "notes_translated": { | 129 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 130 | "en": "Running trains kill birds, and this problem is foreseeable | 130 | "en": "Running trains kill birds, and this problem is foreseeable | ||
| 131 | larger in high speed railways (HSRs). However, HSRs have been planned | 131 | larger in high speed railways (HSRs). However, HSRs have been planned | ||
| 132 | and built over years with scant knowledge of this impact, leading | 132 | and built over years with scant knowledge of this impact, leading | ||
| 133 | Environmental Impact Assessment and mitigation to be backed mainly on | 133 | Environmental Impact Assessment and mitigation to be backed mainly on | ||
| 134 | intuition or soft data. A special focus has been devoted to viaducts | 134 | intuition or soft data. A special focus has been devoted to viaducts | ||
| 135 | in valleys, where bird protection barriers are prescribed assuming | 135 | in valleys, where bird protection barriers are prescribed assuming | ||
| 136 | without formal evaluation their high risk nature due to corridor | 136 | without formal evaluation their high risk nature due to corridor | ||
| 137 | effects and the elevated position of the railway there. Better | 137 | effects and the elevated position of the railway there. Better | ||
| 138 | knowledge of bird behavior around railways is thus needed to inform | 138 | knowledge of bird behavior around railways is thus needed to inform | ||
| 139 | the environmental decisions for the expected increase in the extent | 139 | the environmental decisions for the expected increase in the extent | ||
| 140 | and traffic of railways. In this context, we present results from a | 140 | and traffic of railways. In this context, we present results from a | ||
| 141 | two-year study of bird flight patterns over an 8-km stretch and three | 141 | two-year study of bird flight patterns over an 8-km stretch and three | ||
| 142 | viaducts (656m, 334m and 460m length) in the HSR line around Le\u00f3n | 142 | viaducts (656m, 334m and 460m length) in the HSR line around Le\u00f3n | ||
| 143 | (NW Spain).The study is based on 10\u2019 bird observation stations | 143 | (NW Spain).The study is based on 10\u2019 bird observation stations | ||
| 144 | (N=2,342) devoted to the census of flying birds across 120m stretches | 144 | (N=2,342) devoted to the census of flying birds across 120m stretches | ||
| 145 | of the railway (each flock or solitary bird denoted as a | 145 | of the railway (each flock or solitary bird denoted as a | ||
| 146 | \u2018crossing\u2019). Since train-kill may happen when birds fly | 146 | \u2018crossing\u2019). Since train-kill may happen when birds fly | ||
| 147 | across the gap between the rail and the catenary, total frequency of | 147 | across the gap between the rail and the catenary, total frequency of | ||
| 148 | bird crossings and the percentage of crossings through the risk area | 148 | bird crossings and the percentage of crossings through the risk area | ||
| 149 | where our target variables. Our results show that bird crossing of the | 149 | where our target variables. Our results show that bird crossing of the | ||
| 150 | railway is frequent and rather dependent on very local conditions. | 150 | railway is frequent and rather dependent on very local conditions. | ||
| 151 | Thus, in the study area bird flight across the viaduct over the Esla | 151 | Thus, in the study area bird flight across the viaduct over the Esla | ||
| 152 | River (average 47.0 crossings/km*h) was less frequent than over other | 152 | River (average 47.0 crossings/km*h) was less frequent than over other | ||
| 153 | adjacent sections (69.6 crossing/km*h); and both these features much | 153 | adjacent sections (69.6 crossing/km*h); and both these features much | ||
| 154 | larger than those observed in the two viaducts over the Bernesga River | 154 | larger than those observed in the two viaducts over the Bernesga River | ||
| 155 | (18.7 and 16.5 crossings/km*h) in the same railway. Regarding the | 155 | (18.7 and 16.5 crossings/km*h) in the same railway. Regarding the | ||
| 156 | proportion of flights across the risk area, it was higher where the | 156 | proportion of flights across the risk area, it was higher where the | ||
| 157 | railway runs over embankments (45.5%) than in any viaduct. The | 157 | railway runs over embankments (45.5%) than in any viaduct. The | ||
| 158 | percentages of risk crossings were rather similar among these, though | 158 | percentages of risk crossings were rather similar among these, though | ||
| 159 | a bit lower (23.7%) in the one protected with 2m opaque screens than | 159 | a bit lower (23.7%) in the one protected with 2m opaque screens than | ||
| 160 | in the unprotected ones (32.2% and 27.5% respectively). Several common | 160 | in the unprotected ones (32.2% and 27.5% respectively). Several common | ||
| 161 | species (e.g. Columba palumbus, Fringillidae, Hirundinidae), but also | 161 | species (e.g. Columba palumbus, Fringillidae, Hirundinidae), but also | ||
| 162 | others\nof more conservation concern (e.g. Milvusmigrans, Circus | 162 | others\nof more conservation concern (e.g. Milvusmigrans, Circus | ||
| 163 | aeruginosus, Buteo buteo), were found to cross frequently through the | 163 | aeruginosus, Buteo buteo), were found to cross frequently through the | ||
| 164 | risk area in both the viaducts (with or without barriers) and the flat | 164 | risk area in both the viaducts (with or without barriers) and the flat | ||
| 165 | sections of the railway. We conclude that (i) many birds cross | 165 | sections of the railway. We conclude that (i) many birds cross | ||
| 166 | routinely the railway under the risk of being killed and (ii) this | 166 | routinely the railway under the risk of being killed and (ii) this | ||
| 167 | situation is very dependent on local conditions, forcing a detailed | 167 | situation is very dependent on local conditions, forcing a detailed | ||
| 168 | analysis of future HSR lines during planning and the development of | 168 | analysis of future HSR lines during planning and the development of | ||
| 169 | extensive bird studies in order to properly evaluate the environmental | 169 | extensive bird studies in order to properly evaluate the environmental | ||
| 170 | impacts and locate and design the mitigation measures. Moreover, (iii) | 170 | impacts and locate and design the mitigation measures. Moreover, (iii) | ||
| 171 | viaducts may not be always the most risky sites for birds, and (iv) | 171 | viaducts may not be always the most risky sites for birds, and (iv) | ||
| 172 | bird protection screens should be taller than those routinely used for | 172 | bird protection screens should be taller than those routinely used for | ||
| 173 | noise protection, since they do not dissuade birds to cross the gap | 173 | noise protection, since they do not dissuade birds to cross the gap | ||
| 174 | between the rail and the catenary. Extensive basic studies like this | 174 | between the rail and the catenary. Extensive basic studies like this | ||
| 175 | one are also needed due to the huge gap of knowledge existent on | 175 | one are also needed due to the huge gap of knowledge existent on | ||
| 176 | railway effects on wildlife.", | 176 | railway effects on wildlife.", | ||
| 177 | "es": "Running trains kill birds, and this problem is foreseeable | 177 | "es": "Running trains kill birds, and this problem is foreseeable | ||
| 178 | larger in high speed railways (HSRs). However, HSRs have been planned | 178 | larger in high speed railways (HSRs). However, HSRs have been planned | ||
| 179 | and built over years with scant knowledge of this impact, leading | 179 | and built over years with scant knowledge of this impact, leading | ||
| 180 | Environmental Impact Assessment and mitigation to be backed mainly on | 180 | Environmental Impact Assessment and mitigation to be backed mainly on | ||
| 181 | intuition or soft data. A special focus has been devoted to viaducts | 181 | intuition or soft data. A special focus has been devoted to viaducts | ||
| 182 | in valleys, where bird protection barriers are prescribed assuming | 182 | in valleys, where bird protection barriers are prescribed assuming | ||
| 183 | without formal evaluation their high risk nature due to corridor | 183 | without formal evaluation their high risk nature due to corridor | ||
| 184 | effects and the elevated position of the railway there. Better | 184 | effects and the elevated position of the railway there. Better | ||
| 185 | knowledge of bird behavior around railways is thus needed to inform | 185 | knowledge of bird behavior around railways is thus needed to inform | ||
| 186 | the environmental decisions for the expected increase in the extent | 186 | the environmental decisions for the expected increase in the extent | ||
| 187 | and traffic of railways. In this context, we present results from a | 187 | and traffic of railways. In this context, we present results from a | ||
| 188 | two-year study of bird flight patterns over an 8-km stretch and three | 188 | two-year study of bird flight patterns over an 8-km stretch and three | ||
| 189 | viaducts (656m, 334m and 460m length) in the HSR line around Le\u00f3n | 189 | viaducts (656m, 334m and 460m length) in the HSR line around Le\u00f3n | ||
| 190 | (NW Spain).The study is based on 10\u2019 bird observation stations | 190 | (NW Spain).The study is based on 10\u2019 bird observation stations | ||
| 191 | (N=2,342) devoted to the census of flying birds across 120m stretches | 191 | (N=2,342) devoted to the census of flying birds across 120m stretches | ||
| 192 | of the railway (each flock or solitary bird denoted as a | 192 | of the railway (each flock or solitary bird denoted as a | ||
| 193 | \u2018crossing\u2019). Since train-kill may happen when birds fly | 193 | \u2018crossing\u2019). Since train-kill may happen when birds fly | ||
| 194 | across the gap between the rail and the catenary, total frequency of | 194 | across the gap between the rail and the catenary, total frequency of | ||
| 195 | bird crossings and the percentage of crossings through the risk area | 195 | bird crossings and the percentage of crossings through the risk area | ||
| 196 | where our target variables. Our results show that bird crossing of the | 196 | where our target variables. Our results show that bird crossing of the | ||
| 197 | railway is frequent and rather dependent on very local conditions. | 197 | railway is frequent and rather dependent on very local conditions. | ||
| 198 | Thus, in the study area bird flight across the viaduct over the Esla | 198 | Thus, in the study area bird flight across the viaduct over the Esla | ||
| 199 | River (average 47.0 crossings/km*h) was less frequent than over other | 199 | River (average 47.0 crossings/km*h) was less frequent than over other | ||
| 200 | adjacent sections (69.6 crossing/km*h); and both these features much | 200 | adjacent sections (69.6 crossing/km*h); and both these features much | ||
| 201 | larger than those observed in the two viaducts over the Bernesga River | 201 | larger than those observed in the two viaducts over the Bernesga River | ||
| 202 | (18.7 and 16.5 crossings/km*h) in the same railway. Regarding the | 202 | (18.7 and 16.5 crossings/km*h) in the same railway. Regarding the | ||
| 203 | proportion of flights across the risk area, it was higher where the | 203 | proportion of flights across the risk area, it was higher where the | ||
| 204 | railway runs over embankments (45.5%) than in any viaduct. The | 204 | railway runs over embankments (45.5%) than in any viaduct. The | ||
| 205 | percentages of risk crossings were rather similar among these, though | 205 | percentages of risk crossings were rather similar among these, though | ||
| 206 | a bit lower (23.7%) in the one protected with 2m opaque screens than | 206 | a bit lower (23.7%) in the one protected with 2m opaque screens than | ||
| 207 | in the unprotected ones (32.2% and 27.5% respectively). Several common | 207 | in the unprotected ones (32.2% and 27.5% respectively). Several common | ||
| 208 | species (e.g. Columba palumbus, Fringillidae, Hirundinidae), but also | 208 | species (e.g. Columba palumbus, Fringillidae, Hirundinidae), but also | ||
| 209 | others\n of more conservation concern (e.g. Milvusmigrans, Circus | 209 | others\n of more conservation concern (e.g. Milvusmigrans, Circus | ||
| 210 | aeruginosus, Buteo buteo), were found to cross frequently through the | 210 | aeruginosus, Buteo buteo), were found to cross frequently through the | ||
| 211 | risk area in both the viaducts (with or without barriers) and the flat | 211 | risk area in both the viaducts (with or without barriers) and the flat | ||
| 212 | sections of the railway. We conclude that (i) many birds cross | 212 | sections of the railway. We conclude that (i) many birds cross | ||
| 213 | routinely the railway under the risk of being killed and (ii) this | 213 | routinely the railway under the risk of being killed and (ii) this | ||
| 214 | situation is very dependent on local conditions, forcing a detailed | 214 | situation is very dependent on local conditions, forcing a detailed | ||
| 215 | analysis of future HSR lines during planning and the development of | 215 | analysis of future HSR lines during planning and the development of | ||
| 216 | extensive bird studies in order to properly evaluate the environmental | 216 | extensive bird studies in order to properly evaluate the environmental | ||
| 217 | impacts and locate and design the mitigation measures. Moreover, (iii) | 217 | impacts and locate and design the mitigation measures. Moreover, (iii) | ||
| 218 | viaducts may not be always the most risky sites for birds, and (iv) | 218 | viaducts may not be always the most risky sites for birds, and (iv) | ||
| 219 | bird protection screens should be taller than those routinely used for | 219 | bird protection screens should be taller than those routinely used for | ||
| 220 | noise protection, since they do not dissuade birds to cross the gap | 220 | noise protection, since they do not dissuade birds to cross the gap | ||
| 221 | between the rail and the catenary. Extensive basic studies like this | 221 | between the rail and the catenary. Extensive basic studies like this | ||
| 222 | one are also needed due to the huge gap of knowledge existent on | 222 | one are also needed due to the huge gap of knowledge existent on | ||
| 223 | railway effects on wildlife." | 223 | railway effects on wildlife." | ||
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