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| 5 | "author": "Mata, C., Su\u00e1rez, F. y Malo, J.E.", | 5 | "author": "Mata, C., Su\u00e1rez, F. y Malo, J.E.", | ||
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| 31 | "created": "2025-05-23", | 31 | "created": "2025-05-23", | ||
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| 34 | "name": "Mata, C., Su\u00e1rez, F. y Malo, J.E." | 34 | "name": "Mata, C., Su\u00e1rez, F. y Malo, J.E." | ||
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| 74 | "modified": "2026-06-23", | 74 | "modified": "2026-06-23", | ||
| 75 | "name": "f5cad29b-5f48-53ab-81cf-babfb0fab554", | 75 | "name": "f5cad29b-5f48-53ab-81cf-babfb0fab554", | ||
| 76 | "notes": "Road and railway construction on a landscape scale entails | 76 | "notes": "Road and railway construction on a landscape scale entails | ||
| 77 | a transformation of ecosystems, involving changes in their | 77 | a transformation of ecosystems, involving changes in their | ||
| 78 | composition, structure and functioning, including interactions between | 78 | composition, structure and functioning, including interactions between | ||
| 79 | predators and their prey. Wildlife passages are currently built at | 79 | predators and their prey. Wildlife passages are currently built at | ||
| 80 | these transport infrastructures to re-establish connectivity within | 80 | these transport infrastructures to re-establish connectivity within | ||
| 81 | the habitats intersected by them. However, it is unknown whether | 81 | the habitats intersected by them. However, it is unknown whether | ||
| 82 | crossing structures influence predator-prey interactions, potentially | 82 | crossing structures influence predator-prey interactions, potentially | ||
| 83 | resulting in prey exclusion effects or increased predation risks that | 83 | resulting in prey exclusion effects or increased predation risks that | ||
| 84 | may reduce the effectiveness of the crossings. Prior to this | 84 | may reduce the effectiveness of the crossings. Prior to this | ||
| 85 | contribution only one study has thoroughly analysed the question for | 85 | contribution only one study has thoroughly analysed the question for | ||
| 86 | large vertebrates in the Boreal forests of Canada concluding that | 86 | large vertebrates in the Boreal forests of Canada concluding that | ||
| 87 | evidences point to a lack of such interactions. In case that predators | 87 | evidences point to a lack of such interactions. In case that predators | ||
| 88 | attend the wildlife passages in search of prey or that prey avoid | 88 | attend the wildlife passages in search of prey or that prey avoid | ||
| 89 | passages visited by predators, it could be hypothesized that the | 89 | passages visited by predators, it could be hypothesized that the | ||
| 90 | presence of any pair of predator and prey species in one such | 90 | presence of any pair of predator and prey species in one such | ||
| 91 | structure would deviate from randomness. Thus, we evaluated the | 91 | structure would deviate from randomness. Thus, we evaluated the | ||
| 92 | co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing | 92 | co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing | ||
| 93 | structures noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on | 93 | structures noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on | ||
| 94 | the same day. Monitoring involved recording tracks within a | 94 | the same day. Monitoring involved recording tracks within a | ||
| 95 | one-metre-wide strip of marble dust extending from side to side across | 95 | one-metre-wide strip of marble dust extending from side to side across | ||
| 96 | each crossing structure. The patterns were analysed by means of | 96 | each crossing structure. The patterns were analysed by means of | ||
| 97 | two-species occupancy models employing presence-absence matrices for | 97 | two-species occupancy models employing presence-absence matrices for | ||
| 98 | three prey groups (small mammals, rat-sized rodents and lagomorphs) | 98 | three prey groups (small mammals, rat-sized rodents and lagomorphs) | ||
| 99 | and five predator types (small mustelids, Eurasian badger, cats, red | 99 | and five predator types (small mustelids, Eurasian badger, cats, red | ||
| 100 | fox and large canids) obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. | 100 | fox and large canids) obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. | ||
| 101 | Such models allow the fitting of 'interaction parameters' that in case | 101 | Such models allow the fitting of 'interaction parameters' that in case | ||
| 102 | of significance can be directly interpreted in terms of deviation from | 102 | of significance can be directly interpreted in terms of deviation from | ||
| 103 | randomness in the presence (daily or at a passage level) of any | 103 | randomness in the presence (daily or at a passage level) of any | ||
| 104 | species pair. The value of any interaction parameter informs whether | 104 | species pair. The value of any interaction parameter informs whether | ||
| 105 | deviation points to two-species attraction or repulsion. The data set | 105 | deviation points to two-species attraction or repulsion. The data set | ||
| 106 | comprised 2,329 animal records in total: 52.2% of them being prey | 106 | comprised 2,329 animal records in total: 52.2% of them being prey | ||
| 107 | species and 47.8 % predators. The results indicate that predators and | 107 | species and 47.8 % predators. The results indicate that predators and | ||
| 108 | prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation | 108 | prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation | ||
| 109 | effects appeared within 20% of predator-prey species-pairs, and were | 109 | effects appeared within 20% of predator-prey species-pairs, and were | ||
| 110 | detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Models in which | 110 | detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Models in which | ||
| 111 | small mammals were the prey show significant interaction parameters in | 111 | small mammals were the prey show significant interaction parameters in | ||
| 112 | all cases, revealing trends for both co-occurrence and avoidance. The | 112 | all cases, revealing trends for both co-occurrence and avoidance. The | ||
| 113 | probability of recording badgers or cats at passages also used by | 113 | probability of recording badgers or cats at passages also used by | ||
| 114 | small mammals was significantly greater than chance by 10.5% and 5.0% | 114 | small mammals was significantly greater than chance by 10.5% and 5.0% | ||
| 115 | respectively. These same trends were detected in same-day use patterns | 115 | respectively. These same trends were detected in same-day use patterns | ||
| 116 | at structures, the probability of detecting the badger-small mammals | 116 | at structures, the probability of detecting the badger-small mammals | ||
| 117 | pair increasing by 15.3% above chance and just 1.4% increase in the | 117 | pair increasing by 15.3% above chance and just 1.4% increase in the | ||
| 118 | cat-small mammals pair. At the same time, the adjusted models only | 118 | cat-small mammals pair. At the same time, the adjusted models only | ||
| 119 | show significant interactions between rat-sized mammals and small | 119 | show significant interactions between rat-sized mammals and small | ||
| 120 | mustelids and red foxes, the detected trend being avoidance in all | 120 | mustelids and red foxes, the detected trend being avoidance in all | ||
| 121 | cases. Finally, regarding lagomorphs, co-occurrence of badgers with | 121 | cases. Finally, regarding lagomorphs, co-occurrence of badgers with | ||
| 122 | them at particular structures was 59% higher than random and same-day | 122 | them at particular structures was 59% higher than random and same-day | ||
| 123 | co-occurrence was 125% greater than expected by chance. Similarly, the | 123 | co-occurrence was 125% greater than expected by chance. Similarly, the | ||
| 124 | red fox-lagomorphs pair showed 11.9% higher coincidence in same-day | 124 | red fox-lagomorphs pair showed 11.9% higher coincidence in same-day | ||
| 125 | use of structures than expected. Our results show that both predator | 125 | use of structures than expected. Our results show that both predator | ||
| 126 | and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. | 126 | and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. | ||
| 127 | However, the spatial and temporal patterns of crossing use strongly | 127 | However, the spatial and temporal patterns of crossing use strongly | ||
| 128 | suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to hunt prey | 128 | suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to hunt prey | ||
| 129 | and that some prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of | 129 | and that some prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of | ||
| 130 | predators.", | 130 | predators.", | ||
| 131 | "notes_translated": { | 131 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 132 | "en": "Road and railway construction on a landscape scale entails | 132 | "en": "Road and railway construction on a landscape scale entails | ||
| 133 | a transformation of ecosystems, involving changes in their | 133 | a transformation of ecosystems, involving changes in their | ||
| 134 | composition, structure and functioning, including interactions between | 134 | composition, structure and functioning, including interactions between | ||
| 135 | predators and their prey. Wildlife passages are currently built at | 135 | predators and their prey. Wildlife passages are currently built at | ||
| 136 | these transport infrastructures to re-establish connectivity within | 136 | these transport infrastructures to re-establish connectivity within | ||
| 137 | the habitats intersected by them. However, it is unknown whether | 137 | the habitats intersected by them. However, it is unknown whether | ||
| 138 | crossing structures influence predator-prey interactions, potentially | 138 | crossing structures influence predator-prey interactions, potentially | ||
| 139 | resulting in prey exclusion effects or increased predation risks that | 139 | resulting in prey exclusion effects or increased predation risks that | ||
| 140 | may reduce the effectiveness of the crossings. Prior to this | 140 | may reduce the effectiveness of the crossings. Prior to this | ||
| 141 | contribution only one study has thoroughly analysed the question for | 141 | contribution only one study has thoroughly analysed the question for | ||
| 142 | large vertebrates in the Boreal forests of Canada concluding that | 142 | large vertebrates in the Boreal forests of Canada concluding that | ||
| 143 | evidences point to a lack of such interactions. In case that predators | 143 | evidences point to a lack of such interactions. In case that predators | ||
| 144 | attend the wildlife passages in search of prey or that prey avoid | 144 | attend the wildlife passages in search of prey or that prey avoid | ||
| 145 | passages visited by predators, it could be hypothesized that the | 145 | passages visited by predators, it could be hypothesized that the | ||
| 146 | presence of any pair of predator and prey species in one such | 146 | presence of any pair of predator and prey species in one such | ||
| 147 | structure would deviate from randomness. Thus, we evaluated the | 147 | structure would deviate from randomness. Thus, we evaluated the | ||
| 148 | co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing | 148 | co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing | ||
| 149 | structures noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on | 149 | structures noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on | ||
| 150 | the same day. Monitoring involved recording tracks within a | 150 | the same day. Monitoring involved recording tracks within a | ||
| 151 | one-metre-wide strip of marble dust extending from side to side across | 151 | one-metre-wide strip of marble dust extending from side to side across | ||
| 152 | each crossing structure.\nThe patterns were analysed by means of | 152 | each crossing structure.\nThe patterns were analysed by means of | ||
| 153 | two-species occupancy models employing presence-absence matrices for | 153 | two-species occupancy models employing presence-absence matrices for | ||
| 154 | three prey groups (small mammals, rat-sized rodents and lagomorphs) | 154 | three prey groups (small mammals, rat-sized rodents and lagomorphs) | ||
| 155 | and five predator types (small mustelids, Eurasian badger, cats, red | 155 | and five predator types (small mustelids, Eurasian badger, cats, red | ||
| 156 | fox and large canids) obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. | 156 | fox and large canids) obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. | ||
| 157 | Such models allow the fitting of 'interaction parameters' that in case | 157 | Such models allow the fitting of 'interaction parameters' that in case | ||
| 158 | of significance can be directly interpreted in terms of deviation from | 158 | of significance can be directly interpreted in terms of deviation from | ||
| 159 | randomness in the presence (daily or at a passage level) of any | 159 | randomness in the presence (daily or at a passage level) of any | ||
| 160 | species pair. The value of any interaction parameter informs whether | 160 | species pair. The value of any interaction parameter informs whether | ||
| 161 | deviation points to two-species attraction or repulsion. The data set | 161 | deviation points to two-species attraction or repulsion. The data set | ||
| 162 | comprised 2,329 animal records in total: 52.2% of them being prey | 162 | comprised 2,329 animal records in total: 52.2% of them being prey | ||
| 163 | species and 47.8 % predators. The results indicate that predators and | 163 | species and 47.8 % predators. The results indicate that predators and | ||
| 164 | prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation | 164 | prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation | ||
| 165 | effects appeared within 20% of predator-prey species-pairs, and were | 165 | effects appeared within 20% of predator-prey species-pairs, and were | ||
| 166 | detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Models in which | 166 | detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Models in which | ||
| 167 | small mammals were the prey show significant interaction parameters in | 167 | small mammals were the prey show significant interaction parameters in | ||
| 168 | all cases, revealing trends for both co-occurrence and avoidance. The | 168 | all cases, revealing trends for both co-occurrence and avoidance. The | ||
| 169 | probability of recording badgers or cats at passages also used by | 169 | probability of recording badgers or cats at passages also used by | ||
| 170 | small mammals was significantly greater than chance by 10.5% and 5.0% | 170 | small mammals was significantly greater than chance by 10.5% and 5.0% | ||
| 171 | respectively. These same trends were detected in\nsame-day use | 171 | respectively. These same trends were detected in\nsame-day use | ||
| 172 | patterns at structures, the probability of detecting the badger-small | 172 | patterns at structures, the probability of detecting the badger-small | ||
| 173 | mammals pair increasing by 15.3% above chance and just 1.4% increase | 173 | mammals pair increasing by 15.3% above chance and just 1.4% increase | ||
| 174 | in the cat-small mammals pair. At the same time, the adjusted models | 174 | in the cat-small mammals pair. At the same time, the adjusted models | ||
| 175 | only show significant interactions between rat-sized mammals and small | 175 | only show significant interactions between rat-sized mammals and small | ||
| 176 | mustelids and red foxes, the detected trend being avoidance in all | 176 | mustelids and red foxes, the detected trend being avoidance in all | ||
| 177 | cases. Finally, regarding lagomorphs, co-occurrence of badgers with | 177 | cases. Finally, regarding lagomorphs, co-occurrence of badgers with | ||
| 178 | them at particular structures was 59% higher than random and same-day | 178 | them at particular structures was 59% higher than random and same-day | ||
| 179 | co-occurrence was 125% greater than expected by chance. Similarly, the | 179 | co-occurrence was 125% greater than expected by chance. Similarly, the | ||
| 180 | red fox-lagomorphs pair showed 11.9% higher coincidence in same-day | 180 | red fox-lagomorphs pair showed 11.9% higher coincidence in same-day | ||
| 181 | use of structures than expected. Our results show that both predator | 181 | use of structures than expected. Our results show that both predator | ||
| 182 | and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. | 182 | and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. | ||
| 183 | However, the\nspatial and temporal patterns of crossing use strongly | 183 | However, the\nspatial and temporal patterns of crossing use strongly | ||
| 184 | suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to hunt prey | 184 | suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to hunt prey | ||
| 185 | and that some prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of | 185 | and that some prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of | ||
| 186 | predators. The relevance of the issue will strongly depend on the | 186 | predators. The relevance of the issue will strongly depend on the | ||
| 187 | species involved and the type of interaction in passages. Anyhow, our | 187 | species involved and the type of interaction in passages. Anyhow, our | ||
| 188 | results support two recommendations to avoid crossing structures | 188 | results support two recommendations to avoid crossing structures | ||
| 189 | potentially loosing effectiveness or becoming prey traps: (i) | 189 | potentially loosing effectiveness or becoming prey traps: (i) | ||
| 190 | structures that are wide and frequent enough in number will reduce the | 190 | structures that are wide and frequent enough in number will reduce the | ||
| 191 | risks of pr", | 191 | risks of pr", | ||
| 192 | "es": "Road and railway construction on a landscape scale entails | 192 | "es": "Road and railway construction on a landscape scale entails | ||
| 193 | a transformation of ecosystems, involving changes in their | 193 | a transformation of ecosystems, involving changes in their | ||
| 194 | composition, structure and functioning, including interactions between | 194 | composition, structure and functioning, including interactions between | ||
| 195 | predators and their prey. Wildlife passages are currently built at | 195 | predators and their prey. Wildlife passages are currently built at | ||
| 196 | these transport infrastructures to re-establish connectivity within | 196 | these transport infrastructures to re-establish connectivity within | ||
| 197 | the habitats intersected by them. However, it is unknown whether | 197 | the habitats intersected by them. However, it is unknown whether | ||
| 198 | crossing structures influence predator-prey interactions, potentially | 198 | crossing structures influence predator-prey interactions, potentially | ||
| 199 | resulting in prey exclusion effects or increased predation risks that | 199 | resulting in prey exclusion effects or increased predation risks that | ||
| 200 | may reduce the effectiveness of the crossings. Prior to this | 200 | may reduce the effectiveness of the crossings. Prior to this | ||
| 201 | contribution only one study has thoroughly analysed the question for | 201 | contribution only one study has thoroughly analysed the question for | ||
| 202 | large vertebrates in the Boreal forests of Canada concluding that | 202 | large vertebrates in the Boreal forests of Canada concluding that | ||
| 203 | evidences point to a lack of such interactions. In case that predators | 203 | evidences point to a lack of such interactions. In case that predators | ||
| 204 | attend the wildlife passages in search of prey or that prey avoid | 204 | attend the wildlife passages in search of prey or that prey avoid | ||
| 205 | passages visited by predators, it could be hypothesized that the | 205 | passages visited by predators, it could be hypothesized that the | ||
| 206 | presence of any pair of predator and prey species in one such | 206 | presence of any pair of predator and prey species in one such | ||
| 207 | structure would deviate from randomness. Thus, we evaluated the | 207 | structure would deviate from randomness. Thus, we evaluated the | ||
| 208 | co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing | 208 | co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing | ||
| 209 | structures noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on | 209 | structures noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on | ||
| 210 | the same day. Monitoring involved recording tracks within a | 210 | the same day. Monitoring involved recording tracks within a | ||
| 211 | one-metre-wide strip of marble dust extending from side to side across | 211 | one-metre-wide strip of marble dust extending from side to side across | ||
| 212 | each crossing structure. The patterns were analysed by means of | 212 | each crossing structure. The patterns were analysed by means of | ||
| 213 | two-species occupancy models employing presence-absence matrices for | 213 | two-species occupancy models employing presence-absence matrices for | ||
| 214 | three prey groups (small mammals, rat-sized rodents and lagomorphs) | 214 | three prey groups (small mammals, rat-sized rodents and lagomorphs) | ||
| 215 | and five predator types (small mustelids, Eurasian badger, cats, red | 215 | and five predator types (small mustelids, Eurasian badger, cats, red | ||
| 216 | fox and large canids) obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. | 216 | fox and large canids) obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. | ||
| 217 | Such models allow the fitting of 'interaction parameters' that in case | 217 | Such models allow the fitting of 'interaction parameters' that in case | ||
| 218 | of significance can be directly interpreted in terms of deviation from | 218 | of significance can be directly interpreted in terms of deviation from | ||
| 219 | randomness in the presence (daily or at a passage level) of any | 219 | randomness in the presence (daily or at a passage level) of any | ||
| 220 | species pair. The value of any interaction parameter informs whether | 220 | species pair. The value of any interaction parameter informs whether | ||
| 221 | deviation points to two-species attraction or repulsion. The data set | 221 | deviation points to two-species attraction or repulsion. The data set | ||
| 222 | comprised 2,329 animal records in total: 52.2% of them being prey | 222 | comprised 2,329 animal records in total: 52.2% of them being prey | ||
| 223 | species and 47.8 % predators. The results indicate that predators and | 223 | species and 47.8 % predators. The results indicate that predators and | ||
| 224 | prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation | 224 | prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation | ||
| 225 | effects appeared within 20% of predator-prey species-pairs, and were | 225 | effects appeared within 20% of predator-prey species-pairs, and were | ||
| 226 | detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Models in which | 226 | detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Models in which | ||
| 227 | small mammals were the prey show significant interaction parameters in | 227 | small mammals were the prey show significant interaction parameters in | ||
| 228 | all cases, revealing trends for both co-occurrence and avoidance. The | 228 | all cases, revealing trends for both co-occurrence and avoidance. The | ||
| 229 | probability of recording badgers or cats at passages also used by | 229 | probability of recording badgers or cats at passages also used by | ||
| 230 | small mammals was significantly greater than chance by 10.5% and 5.0% | 230 | small mammals was significantly greater than chance by 10.5% and 5.0% | ||
| 231 | respectively. These same trends were detected in same-day use patterns | 231 | respectively. These same trends were detected in same-day use patterns | ||
| 232 | at structures, the probability of detecting the badger-small mammals | 232 | at structures, the probability of detecting the badger-small mammals | ||
| 233 | pair increasing by 15.3% above chance and just 1.4% increase in the | 233 | pair increasing by 15.3% above chance and just 1.4% increase in the | ||
| 234 | cat-small mammals pair. At the same time, the adjusted models only | 234 | cat-small mammals pair. At the same time, the adjusted models only | ||
| 235 | show significant interactions between rat-sized mammals and small | 235 | show significant interactions between rat-sized mammals and small | ||
| 236 | mustelids and red foxes, the detected trend being avoidance in all | 236 | mustelids and red foxes, the detected trend being avoidance in all | ||
| 237 | cases. Finally, regarding lagomorphs, co-occurrence of badgers with | 237 | cases. Finally, regarding lagomorphs, co-occurrence of badgers with | ||
| 238 | them at particular structures was 59% higher than random and same-day | 238 | them at particular structures was 59% higher than random and same-day | ||
| 239 | co-occurrence was 125% greater than expected by chance. Similarly, the | 239 | co-occurrence was 125% greater than expected by chance. Similarly, the | ||
| 240 | red fox-lagomorphs pair showed 11.9% higher coincidence in same-day | 240 | red fox-lagomorphs pair showed 11.9% higher coincidence in same-day | ||
| 241 | use of structures than expected. Our results show that both predator | 241 | use of structures than expected. Our results show that both predator | ||
| 242 | and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. | 242 | and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. | ||
| 243 | However, the spatial and temporal patterns of crossing use strongly | 243 | However, the spatial and temporal patterns of crossing use strongly | ||
| 244 | suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to hunt prey | 244 | suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to hunt prey | ||
| 245 | and that some prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of | 245 | and that some prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of | ||
| 246 | predators." | 246 | predators." | ||
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