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En el instante 23 de junio de 2026, 16:12:43 UTC,
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en Why do we need crossing structures? An agent based modeling approach.
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| 79 | "notes": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most | 79 | "notes": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most | ||
| 80 | important negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be | 80 | important negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be | ||
| 81 | particularly vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer | 81 | particularly vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer | ||
| 82 | dispersal distances and larger home range areas which increase the | 82 | dispersal distances and larger home range areas which increase the | ||
| 83 | probability of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their | 83 | probability of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their | ||
| 84 | commonly low density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low | 84 | commonly low density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low | ||
| 85 | connectivity may increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. | 85 | connectivity may increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. | ||
| 86 | However, there is virtually no data regarding the effects of | 86 | However, there is virtually no data regarding the effects of | ||
| 87 | road-killing and barrier effects on carnivores\u2019 population | 87 | road-killing and barrier effects on carnivores\u2019 population | ||
| 88 | persistence. We developed the REPoP model (Road Effects on Population | 88 | persistence. We developed the REPoP model (Road Effects on Population | ||
| 89 | Persistence), a spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted | 89 | Persistence), a spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted | ||
| 90 | and parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | 90 | and parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | ||
| 91 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | 91 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | ||
| 92 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | 92 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | ||
| 93 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | 93 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | ||
| 94 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | 94 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | ||
| 95 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | 95 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | ||
| 96 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | 96 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | ||
| 97 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | 97 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | ||
| 98 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | 98 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | ||
| 99 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | 99 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | ||
| 100 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | 100 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | ||
| 101 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | 101 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | ||
| 102 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | 102 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | ||
| 103 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | 103 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | ||
| 104 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | 104 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | ||
| 105 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | 105 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | ||
| 106 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | 106 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | ||
| 107 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | 107 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | ||
| 108 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | 108 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | ||
| 109 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | 109 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | ||
| 110 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | 110 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | ||
| 111 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | 111 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | ||
| 112 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | 112 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | ||
| 113 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | 113 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | ||
| 114 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | 114 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | ||
| 115 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | 115 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | ||
| 116 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | 116 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | ||
| 117 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | 117 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | ||
| 118 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | 118 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | ||
| 119 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | 119 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | ||
| 120 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | 120 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | ||
| 121 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | 121 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | ||
| 122 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | 122 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | ||
| 123 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | 123 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | ||
| 124 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | 124 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | ||
| 125 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | 125 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | ||
| 126 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | 126 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | ||
| 127 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | 127 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | ||
| 128 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown.", | 128 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown.", | ||
| 129 | "notes_translated": { | 129 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 130 | "en": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most important | 130 | "en": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most important | ||
| 131 | negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be particularly | 131 | negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be particularly | ||
| 132 | vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer dispersal | 132 | vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer dispersal | ||
| 133 | distances and larger home range areas which increase the probability | 133 | distances and larger home range areas which increase the probability | ||
| 134 | of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their commonly low | 134 | of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their commonly low | ||
| 135 | density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low connectivity may | 135 | density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low connectivity may | ||
| 136 | increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. However, there is | 136 | increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. However, there is | ||
| 137 | virtually no data regarding the effects of road-killing and barrier | 137 | virtually no data regarding the effects of road-killing and barrier | ||
| 138 | effects on carnivores\u2019 population persistence. We developed the | 138 | effects on carnivores\u2019 population persistence. We developed the | ||
| 139 | REPoP model (Road Effects on Population Persistence), a | 139 | REPoP model (Road Effects on Population Persistence), a | ||
| 140 | spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted and | 140 | spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted and | ||
| 141 | parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | 141 | parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | ||
| 142 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | 142 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | ||
| 143 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | 143 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | ||
| 144 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | 144 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | ||
| 145 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | 145 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | ||
| 146 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | 146 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | ||
| 147 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | 147 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | ||
| 148 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | 148 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | ||
| 149 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | 149 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | ||
| 150 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | 150 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | ||
| 151 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | 151 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | ||
| 152 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | 152 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | ||
| 153 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | 153 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | ||
| 154 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | 154 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | ||
| 155 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | 155 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | ||
| 156 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | 156 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | ||
| 157 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | 157 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | ||
| 158 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | 158 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | ||
| 159 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | 159 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | ||
| 160 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | 160 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | ||
| 161 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | 161 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | ||
| 162 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | 162 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | ||
| 163 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | 163 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | ||
| 164 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | 164 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | ||
| 165 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | 165 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | ||
| 166 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | 166 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | ||
| 167 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | 167 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | ||
| 168 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | 168 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | ||
| 169 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | 169 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | ||
| 170 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | 170 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | ||
| 171 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | 171 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | ||
| 172 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | 172 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | ||
| 173 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | 173 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | ||
| 174 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | 174 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | ||
| 175 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | 175 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | ||
| 176 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | 176 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | ||
| 177 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | 177 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | ||
| 178 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | 178 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | ||
| 179 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown.", | 179 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown.", | ||
| 180 | "es": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most important | 180 | "es": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most important | ||
| 181 | negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be particularly | 181 | negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be particularly | ||
| 182 | vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer dispersal | 182 | vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer dispersal | ||
| 183 | distances and larger home range areas which increase the probability | 183 | distances and larger home range areas which increase the probability | ||
| 184 | of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their commonly low | 184 | of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their commonly low | ||
| 185 | density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low connectivity may | 185 | density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low connectivity may | ||
| 186 | increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. However, there is | 186 | increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. However, there is | ||
| 187 | virtually no data regarding the effects of road-killing and barrier | 187 | virtually no data regarding the effects of road-killing and barrier | ||
| 188 | effects on carnivores\u2019 population persistence. We developed the | 188 | effects on carnivores\u2019 population persistence. We developed the | ||
| 189 | REPoP model (Road Effects on Population Persistence), a | 189 | REPoP model (Road Effects on Population Persistence), a | ||
| 190 | spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted and | 190 | spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted and | ||
| 191 | parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | 191 | parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | ||
| 192 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | 192 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | ||
| 193 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | 193 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | ||
| 194 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | 194 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | ||
| 195 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | 195 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | ||
| 196 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | 196 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | ||
| 197 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | 197 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | ||
| 198 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | 198 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | ||
| 199 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | 199 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | ||
| 200 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | 200 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | ||
| 201 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | 201 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | ||
| 202 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | 202 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | ||
| 203 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | 203 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | ||
| 204 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | 204 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | ||
| 205 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | 205 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | ||
| 206 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | 206 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | ||
| 207 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | 207 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | ||
| 208 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | 208 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | ||
| 209 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | 209 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | ||
| 210 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | 210 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | ||
| 211 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | 211 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | ||
| 212 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | 212 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | ||
| 213 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | 213 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | ||
| 214 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | 214 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | ||
| 215 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | 215 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | ||
| 216 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | 216 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | ||
| 217 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | 217 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | ||
| 218 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | 218 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | ||
| 219 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | 219 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | ||
| 220 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | 220 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | ||
| 221 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | 221 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | ||
| 222 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | 222 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | ||
| 223 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | 223 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | ||
| 224 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | 224 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | ||
| 225 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | 225 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | ||
| 226 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | 226 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | ||
| 227 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | 227 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | ||
| 228 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | 228 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | ||
| 229 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown." | 229 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown." | ||
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