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a2026-06-25
en Is field technician’s work under threat? Video-recoding vs. traditional observation for monitoring flight behaviour of birds across a high-speed railway. -
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del recurso Acceso al recurso a2026-06-25
(anteriormente2026-06-23
) en Is field technician’s work under threat? Video-recoding vs. traditional observation for monitoring flight behaviour of birds across a high-speed railway.
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| 81 | "name": "704157bc-9e4e-514f-92c0-2ba51ddaad89", | 95 | "name": "704157bc-9e4e-514f-92c0-2ba51ddaad89", | ||
| 82 | "notes": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | 96 | "notes": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | ||
| 83 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | 97 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | ||
| 84 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | 98 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | ||
| 85 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | 99 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | ||
| 86 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | 100 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | ||
| 87 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | 101 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | ||
| 88 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | 102 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | ||
| 89 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | 103 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | ||
| 90 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | 104 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | ||
| 91 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | 105 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | ||
| 92 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | 106 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | ||
| 93 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | 107 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | ||
| 94 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | 108 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | ||
| 95 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | 109 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | ||
| 96 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | 110 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | ||
| 97 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | 111 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | ||
| 98 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | 112 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | ||
| 99 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | 113 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | ||
| 100 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | 114 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | ||
| 101 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | 115 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | ||
| 102 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | 116 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | ||
| 103 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | 117 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | ||
| 104 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | 118 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | ||
| 105 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | 119 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | ||
| 106 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | 120 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | ||
| 107 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | 121 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | ||
| 108 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | 122 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | ||
| 109 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | 123 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | ||
| 110 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | 124 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | ||
| 111 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | 125 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | ||
| 112 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | 126 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | ||
| 113 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | 127 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | ||
| 114 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | 128 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | ||
| 115 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | 129 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | ||
| 116 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | 130 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | ||
| 117 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | 131 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | ||
| 118 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | 132 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | ||
| 119 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | 133 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | ||
| 120 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | 134 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | ||
| 121 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | 135 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | ||
| 122 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | 136 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | ||
| 123 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | 137 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | ||
| 124 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | 138 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | ||
| 125 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | 139 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | ||
| 126 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | 140 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | ||
| 127 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | 141 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | ||
| 128 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | 142 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | ||
| 129 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | 143 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | ||
| 130 | in order to obtain reliable field data.", | 144 | in order to obtain reliable field data.", | ||
| 131 | "notes_translated": { | 145 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 132 | "en": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | 146 | "en": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | ||
| 133 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | 147 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | ||
| 134 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | 148 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | ||
| 135 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | 149 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | ||
| 136 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | 150 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | ||
| 137 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | 151 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | ||
| 138 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | 152 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | ||
| 139 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | 153 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | ||
| 140 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | 154 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | ||
| 141 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | 155 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | ||
| 142 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | 156 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | ||
| 143 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | 157 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | ||
| 144 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | 158 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | ||
| 145 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | 159 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | ||
| 146 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | 160 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | ||
| 147 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | 161 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | ||
| 148 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | 162 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | ||
| 149 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | 163 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | ||
| 150 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | 164 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | ||
| 151 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | 165 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | ||
| 152 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | 166 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | ||
| 153 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | 167 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | ||
| 154 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | 168 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | ||
| 155 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | 169 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | ||
| 156 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | 170 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | ||
| 157 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | 171 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | ||
| 158 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | 172 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | ||
| 159 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | 173 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | ||
| 160 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | 174 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | ||
| 161 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | 175 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | ||
| 162 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | 176 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | ||
| 163 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | 177 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | ||
| 164 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | 178 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | ||
| 165 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | 179 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | ||
| 166 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | 180 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | ||
| 167 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | 181 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | ||
| 168 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | 182 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | ||
| 169 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | 183 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | ||
| 170 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | 184 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | ||
| 171 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | 185 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | ||
| 172 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | 186 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | ||
| 173 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | 187 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | ||
| 174 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | 188 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | ||
| 175 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | 189 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | ||
| 176 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | 190 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | ||
| 177 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | 191 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | ||
| 178 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | 192 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | ||
| 179 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | 193 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | ||
| 180 | in order to obtain reliable field data.", | 194 | in order to obtain reliable field data.", | ||
| 181 | "es": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | 195 | "es": "Bird collision in high speed railways (HSRs) is a highly | ||
| 182 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | 196 | topical subject in recent years due to the expansion of this | ||
| 183 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | 197 | infrastructure. Understanding how birds interact with railway networks | ||
| 184 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | 198 | could improve mitigation actions. Therefore, it is urgent to develop | ||
| 185 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | 199 | cost-effective systems to monitor bird behaviour in HSRs. For this | ||
| 186 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | 200 | purpose, we compared in-situ flight behaviour of birds across a HSR | ||
| 187 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | 201 | with ex-situ observations extracted from videos. During three seasons, | ||
| 188 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | 202 | three HD video-cameras were used to record the flight and crossing | ||
| 189 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | 203 | behaviour of birds in a HSR in Central Spain, where an anti-bird | ||
| 190 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | 204 | collision screen had been installed. In each season two HSR sections | ||
| 191 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | 205 | of 360m each were sampled: i) one along the anti-bird screen, and ii) | ||
| 192 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | 206 | one control section. The section covered by each camera was 120m | ||
| 193 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | 207 | approx. Simultaneously, direct observation censuses were done with | ||
| 194 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | 208 | binoculars (10x42), covering the same area as cameras. The time and | ||
| 195 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | 209 | direction of passing trains in the study area were also recorded, and | ||
| 196 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | 210 | used as synchronization points between videos and direct observations. | ||
| 197 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | 211 | An independent observer visualized 18 videos per season of 10\u2019 | ||
| 198 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | 212 | (lapses hereafter). For each day of recording, three lapses were | ||
| 199 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | 213 | randomly selected, albeit ensuring that at least one of the lapses | ||
| 200 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | 214 | contained a behaviour event. For each event observed in the HSR, | ||
| 201 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | 215 | during field observation or extracted from videos, the following | ||
| 202 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | 216 | parameters were noted: time, type of behaviour (crossing, flying or | ||
| 203 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | 217 | resting), bird species and size of the flock. Concordance between | ||
| 204 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | 218 | videos and direct observations were tested using the t-Student test | ||
| 205 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | 219 | for paired samples, comparing the number of individuals and the number | ||
| 206 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | 220 | of events per lapse. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests for contingency | ||
| 207 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | 221 | tables were used to compare differences in the total number of | ||
| 208 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | 222 | individuals and events detected in function of the bird size (large, | ||
| 209 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | 223 | medium and small) and the flight behaviour. Bird size was used instead | ||
| 210 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | 224 | of bird species due to very low species detection was found in videos | ||
| 211 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | 225 | (42.99% of unidentified observations). Within the 540\u2019 of | ||
| 212 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | 226 | visualized lapses, 170 events and 321 individuals were detected in | ||
| 213 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | 227 | videos, whereas 201 events and 827 individuals were counted at | ||
| 214 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | 228 | field-work in the same lapses. We found discordance between methods in | ||
| 215 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | 229 | the number of individuals and events detected per lapse. In 20.37% of | ||
| 216 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | 230 | lapses, bird behaviours were detected only by direct observations, | ||
| 217 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | 231 | whereas behaviours detected only through video recordings represented | ||
| 218 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | 232 | only 3.70% of lapses. Results showed that the number of individuals | ||
| 219 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | 233 | detected by the different procedure differs and that the detection | ||
| 220 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | 234 | ratios vary among sizes and types of behaviour. However, the number of | ||
| 221 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | 235 | events detected was similar between methods and sizes, although | ||
| 222 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | 236 | differences were found in function of the flight behaviour. Video | ||
| 223 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | 237 | recordings may be useful to monitor bird crossing events, but their | ||
| 224 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | 238 | efficiency is conditioned by the flight behaviour of birds and thus | ||
| 225 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | 239 | are less reliable method to identify species or their abundance, | ||
| 226 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | 240 | relevant information for conservation or mitigation actions. | ||
| 227 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | 241 | Therefore, video recordings might be an economical method for general | ||
| 228 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | 242 | monitoring but direct observations and technicians are still necessary | ||
| 229 | in order to obtain reliable field data." | 243 | in order to obtain reliable field data." | ||
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