The Mar Menor Lagoon is managed within a complex legislative and policy context, with a wide variety of institutions, policies and decision-makers. Agriculture and tourism are the two dominant economic sectors. However, attention should also be paid to the shery sector due to its relevance to the lagoon itself. The main land-use in the Mar Menor drainage basin is agriculture and, more specically, irrigated lands. Tourism development has increased the demand for recreational facilities resulting in the creation of new infrastructures. The main commercial activities such as urban development and changes in agricultural practices, but also historical mining activities, have increased the pollution input into the lagoon resulting in water eutrophication and a profound change of the ecosystem. Despite the already implemented management measures, in this chapter, we stress the need for a better understanding of the interactions between the processes in the river basin and the lagoon functioning. The ‘health’ of the lagoon is crucial, and there is a need to develop an integrated strategy for the Mar Menor. More specically, it is necessary to develop an integrated and holistic management framework with common objectives and guidelines, in order to promote a more sustainable development and protect the environment, natural resources and biodiversity. This is particularly important considering the current and forthcoming consequences of climate change